Frequent exposure to real-world firearm violence through media is associated with worse mental health outcomes, according to Rutgers researchers.
Their study , published in BMC Public Health , found that frequent exposure to firearm-related content is linked to higher levels of depression and more days of poor mental health among adults in the United States.
Researchers analyzed data from about 5,000 adults nationwide. Using statistical models, they examined the relationship between exposure to real-world firearm-related content – as opposed to fictional media content found on television shows and in movies – across social media platforms such as Instagram and conventional news platforms like cable TV news and newspapers, and self-reported mental health outcomes.
While both direct and indirect exposure to firearm violence have long been linked to negative health effects, people increasingly are encountering such violence through media rather than firsthand.
“Findings support existing research that repeated exposure to firearm violence may negatively affect well-being, and that real-world media firearm violence exposure may also have negative implications,” said Devon Ziminski, a postdoctoral fellow at the New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center at the Rutgers School of Public Health .
She said public perceptions of firearm violence – including severe or highly publicized incidents, such as mass shootings – may be shaped not only by the volume of coverage but by how incidents are framed and which sources are seen as credible media coverage from outside one’s community. Such coverage may reinforce perceptions of threat and potential harm regardless of local firearm violence levels.
“While much work focuses on direct victimization, these findings suggest that cumulative media exposure to real-world firearm violence could contribute to a mental health burden, even for those not personally involved in an incident,” Ziminski said.
According to Ziminski, a call for additional studies to better understand how different types of media and the frequency of media exposure are related to mental health and to identify strategies to reduce potential harmful situations.
BMC Public Health
Data/statistical analysis
People
Associations between media gun violence exposure (GVE) and mental health: a national cross-sectional study
10-Apr-2026