Articles tagged with Enzymes
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
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Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
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Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers discovered that small highly branched polymers can mimic modern biological protein enzyme function, potentially aiding in the origins of life. These simple catalytic structures may have played a key role in jumpstarting life on early Earth.
The metabolic enzyme IL4I1 promotes tumor cell spread and suppresses the immune system, making it a promising target for cancer therapy. The study's findings may provide important information for the development of new immunotherapy concepts.
Researchers at the Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) have developed a low-cost platform for producing enzymes that break down biomass into fermentable sugar for biofuel conversion. The enzyme cocktail, produced by genetically engineering a fungus, has significant potential industrial applications.
Chemists at Scripps Research have created three families of complex, oxygen-containing molecules that are normally obtainable only from plants. The key to this new method is harnessing natural enzymes--from bacteria--to assist in complex chemical transformations.
A team of scientists from UC San Diego identified a metabolic switch that decreases tumor growth in mice by restricting dietary amino acids. They found that restricting serine and glycine led to the production of toxic lipids that slow cancer progression.
Researchers identified an enzyme that breaks down mucus in the gut, providing a potential biomarker for intestinal diseases. The discovery could lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer.
Chinese scientists introduce FlowRACS, a flow-mode Raman-activated cell sorter, to support high-throughput discovery of enzymes and their cell factories at the precision of just one microbial cell. The instrument can screen yeast for its TAG content and profile in real-time.
A team of Virginia Tech researchers discovered a new biosynthetic pathway for allicin, the compound responsible for garlic's unique flavor and aroma. This finding enables farmers to predict and control the strength of their crops, leading to more consistent production and greater flavor profiles.
Scientists have discovered a simple and ingenious strategy used by the Zika virus to protect important parts of its genome from host cell defence mechanisms. The virus uses an automatic umbrella-like mechanism, where one end of the viral RNA strand is protected while the other is not, allowing it to replicate efficiently.
A team of researchers from UC Santa Barbara and LMU found that enzymes can cause liquid droplets formed from DNA to bubble unexpectedly. The bubbles occur when the enzyme penetrates inside the droplet, leading to an osmotic effect that causes water to be drawn in, resulting in a swelling phenomenon.
Researchers discovered a unique 'BO enzyme' found only within certain bacteria responsible for producing body odour molecules. This breakthrough highlights the role of Staphylococcus hominis in body odour production and suggests its existence prior to modern humans' evolution.
Researchers validate sEH enzyme inhibition to reduce neuroinflammation, improve endogen response and neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease. The study suggests sEH as a new therapeutic target with potential implications for other inflammatory pathologies.
A new study from La Jolla Institute for Immunology reveals that a metabolic enzyme called ADA2 inhibits inflammation in blood vessels and restrains the immune system. The researchers found that ADA2's loss stimulates a robust innate immune response, which can lead to harmful inflammation.
Researchers from Göttingen and Halle create novel inhibitors for enzymes involved in Alzheimer's disease, offering a promising new treatment approach. The study reveals a potential solution to the incurable nature of Alzheimer's disease through highly selective binding without harmful side effects.
A breakthrough in understanding rubisco, a crucial enzyme in photosynthesis, could lead to significant gains in crop production. By revisiting a billion-year-old strategy, scientists have identified new ways to enhance rubisco activity.
A new study improves CRISPR gene editing by mutating the Cas9 enzyme to reduce off-target hits. The mutation increases fidelity up to 93-fold, making it a potentially safer strategy for gene therapy.
Cyanobacteria construct organelles to convert CO2 into sugar through a complex process involving Rubisco enzymes and chaperone proteins. A recent study reveals the crucial role of Raf1 protein in assembling Rubisco complexes, improving carboxysome function.
Researchers identified eight new acetyltransferases in plants, which are doubly catalytically active and play a role in photosynthesis. The study reveals an entirely new complexity within the enzyme machinery, suggesting other enzymes with similar dual activities exist in eukaryotic cells.
Researchers discovered that DNA droplets can exhibit bubbling behavior, similar to boiling water, when exposed to certain enzymes. This phenomenon occurs in lightly-bound systems, where the enzyme penetrates the crowded DNA particles, causing an osmotic effect and leading to a burping-like outburst.
Researchers have discovered that DNA resection pathways are highly specific and designed to repair distinct types of DNA damage, challenging the notion of redundancy in these mechanisms. This understanding has significant implications for cancer therapy and the development of new treatments.
Researchers developed ancestral biotinylation enzymes to improve proximity-dependent biotin identification. The new AirID enzyme showed higher activity, specificity, and lower toxicity than previous types, enabling comprehensive analysis of protein interactions.
Researchers discovered unicellular green algae with enzymes that can convert commercially viable substances without generating co-substrate, using photosynthesis. This breakthrough has the potential to create a greener industry by producing substances at mild temperatures and in water.
A study by Baylor College of Medicine researchers reveals that defective CLN6 causes toxic waste accumulation in cells, leading to progressive degeneration and cell death. The researchers found that CLN6 works together with CLN8 to transport enzymes to lysosomes, and when CLN6 is defective, this process is impaired.
A team of researchers has performed the first room-temperature X-ray measurements on the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, enabling the creation of a comprehensive 3D model. This model will be used to advance supercomputing simulations aimed at finding drug inhibitors to block the virus's replication mechanism.
A new study reveals that the enzyme SAMHD1 protects B-ALL cells from nelarabine's anti-cancer effects, but not T-ALL cells. This discovery has crucial implications for leukaemia treatment, offering a potential biomarker to tailor therapy to individual patient needs.
A new study from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center finds that increased activity of the normal metabolic enzyme SHMT2 transforms normal B cells into B cell lymphomas. The enzyme binds to tumor suppressor proteins, turning them off and resulting in the development of lymphoma.
Researchers have discovered that herbicide-resistant weeds like waterhemp produce detoxifying enzymes to neutralize certain chemicals, making them resistant to common herbicides. This metabolic resistance strategy is hard to identify and combat, highlighting the need for a multi-pronged approach to control these weeds.
GlycoNet researchers have identified a key enzyme, Agd3, critical for biofilm formation in Aspergillus fumigatus. Without this enzyme, the biofilm does not form, and the fungus is weakened. The team has also discovered a new family of carbohydrate-processing enzymes that has not been previously characterized.
Researchers at Northwestern University developed a new rapid-prototyping system to accelerate the design of biological systems, reducing production time from months to weeks. The iPROBE platform leverages cell-free synthetic biology and computational design algorithms to discover optimal biosynthetic pathways for sustainable chemicals.
Researchers at Aarhus University are hunting for unique enzymes that can break down polyethylene, a common type of plastic. They aim to develop polymer-destructive enzymes, which could revolutionize the field and provide a solution to plastic pollution.
Researchers at Uppsala University have resurrected billions-year-old enzymes and repurposed them to catalyse new chemical reactions. The study develops sustainable solutions in biotechnology and chemically degrades environmental toxins.
Scientists at Illinois have identified a novel enzymatic reaction that uses repurposed enzymes to produce high-yields of valuable chiral carbonyl compounds. This eco-friendly process merges biocatalysis with photocatalysis, offering potential applications in pharmaceutical and bioenergy fields.
Minor ginsenosides have diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, immunomodulator, and anti-inflammatory effects. The utilization of microorganisms and their enzymes for biotransformation and biosynthesis are considered highly specific, safe, and environmentally friendly production methods.
A new image of the LSD1 enzyme reveals its role in regulating genes and interacting with the nucleosome. The discovery sheds light on how cancer cells disrupt normal development and highlights potential therapeutic targets.
Scientists at Bielefeld University have created a method to produce a biologically significant precursor of jasmonic acid, a hormone that helps plants defend against predators. The new approach mimics how plants naturally produce the hormone, using enzymes as plant catalysts in a synthetic process.
Researchers have identified two anti-inflammatory drugs that can inhibit the replication of the COVID-19 virus. The study used computational techniques to analyze 6,466 authorized drugs and predicted that Carprofen and Celecoxib could be effective in inhibiting the main protease enzyme responsible for the virus's replication.
Researchers discovered that brown algae's cell wall contains the long-chained sugar fucoidan, which is only partially degraded by microbial communities. However, specific highly specialized bacteria can break down fucoidan using over 100 enzymes, sequestering carbon in the ocean.
Cold-adapted enzymes from low-temperature organisms exhibit distinctive properties that enable them to function in freezing conditions. However, they often stop functioning at around room temperature, until they start melting. Researchers have now explained this phenomenon through extensive computer simulations.
Scientists have discovered an enzyme that becomes catalytically active when exposed to blue light, enabling a wide range of biotechnological applications. The enzyme, found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, uses a flavin-NADH complex to facilitate a new monooxygenase reaction.
Researchers have visualized the single-molecule level operation of cellulosomes during cellulose degradation using time-lapse atomic force microscopy. This breakthrough provides new perspectives for applications in industrial biorefineries by exploiting the synergies between cellulosome and free enzymes.
A new biomarker for Alzheimer's disease has been identified in the blood of patients, according to a recent study published in IJMS. The Ube2h gene was found to have increased specific expression in the blood of AD patients and AD model mice.
Researchers from Oregon State University found that hop-based dietary supplements do not cause significant drug interactions in menopausal women. The study involved 16 participants who took a cocktail of four drugs while also consuming hops extract daily for two weeks, with no enzyme inhibition detected.
A study found that SARS-CoV-2 RNA is edited by human deaminase enzymes in patients, influencing the virus' evolution and spread. This process may be targeted with new therapies to combat the virus.
An international team studied the Pol δ-DNA-PCNA complex to understand DNA replication and how it can malfunction. The team found that PCNA acts as a platform for different processing enzymes, similar to a toolbelt with an array of tools.
Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine and Princeton University have discovered the 3D structure and mode of action of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1), a key enzyme in triglyceride synthesis and fat absorption. This finding opens opportunities for designing novel strategies to manage obesity and other metabolic diseases.
A study published in Gastroenterology identified a genetic defect in the calcium channel TRPV6 as a cause of early-onset chronic pancreatitis. The researchers found that the absence of this gene led to inflammation and fibrotic changes in the pancreas, paving the way for new therapeutic interventions.
Researchers have successfully developed a method to create proteolytically resistant therapeutic peptides that can survive the gastrointestinal tract. This breakthrough enables the development of oral peptide drugs targeting gastrointestinal targets, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Researchers discovered significant antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition in various culinary herbs, including rosemary, oregano, and lemon myrtle. These findings suggest that these herbs may have preventive effects on cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, as well as cognitive decline.
A research team at McGill University has gained a deeper understanding of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), tiny natural machines that produce biologically active compounds. This breakthrough could lead to the creation of new potent antibiotics, immunosuppressants and other modern drugs by leveraging bacteria and fungi.
Scientists at Washington State University have discovered candidate genes that could be used to manufacture Taxol more quickly and efficiently. The genes, characterized by lead researcher Mark Lange, will enable engineers to develop organisms that can produce the cancer-fighting drug.
Researchers have successfully created plants that produce their own visible luminescence through the insertion of DNA from mushrooms. The plants glow brightly and continuously throughout their lifecycle, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional lighting sources.
Enzyme structure varies depending on whether it's measured in a test tube or a living cell, according to researchers at the University of Bonn. This fundamental principle has implications for drug research and studies involving biomolecules.
Scientists at Forschungsverbund Berlin found that anti-oxidative enzymes, particularly SOD2, contribute to the unusual longevity of the corpus luteum in lynxes. This discovery provides important insights into lynx reproduction and may support conservation breeding programs.
Researchers at VTT have successfully broken down FODMAP compounds using enzymes, creating new stomach-friendly plant-based food products. This innovation allows for a more inclusive plant-based diet, reducing the need to avoid healthy foods that contain FODMAPs.
Researchers investigate DPP4 enzyme inhibition as a possible treatment for coronavirus. Preliminary studies suggest that inhibiting the DPP4 enzyme could effectively treat COVID-19, offering new hope for treatment options.
Skoltech researchers have found a new mechanism of bacterial self-defense against microcin C, a potent antibiotic produced by some strains of Escherichia coli. The discovery involves histidine-triad (HIT) superfamily hydrolases, enzymes that break down the antibiotic and render it useless.
A recent study by Professor Michael Schrader and his team has explored the impact of peroxisome alterations on disease. The researchers found that defects in peroxisomal dynamics and division can lead to metabolic disorders, including developmental and neurological abnormalities.
A new therapy targeting Gaucher disease has been discovered using nanovesicles, which can selectively target brain tissue and deliver enzyme replacement therapy without harming healthy cells. This approach shows promise in treating other neurologic conditions like Parkinson's disease.
Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital discovered that intestinal alkaline phosphotase (IAP) helps maintain gut barrier function and reduces systemic inflammation, leading to increased lifespan and reduced frailty. IAP supplementation may have therapeutic potential for conditions linked to the gut and inflammation.
A new decontamination method developed by OSU and NC State University uses hydrogel beads containing bacteria and a slow-release food source to transform toxic contaminants into harmless compounds. The system has functioned continuously for over 300 days without maintenance, removing more than 99% of contaminants from groundwater.