Articles tagged with Enzymes
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Sanfilippo disease is a rare metabolic disorder caused by the accumulation of complex carbohydrates in cells, leading to severe physical and neurological problems. Researchers at UC San Diego have identified a novel secondary metabolite, dermatan sulfate, as a potential biomarker for the disease.
Virginia Tech researchers have discovered an enzyme mixture that can work in the presence of toxic infused liquid biomass, eliminating the need for detoxification and reducing production costs. The enzyme cocktail increases biofuel yields by avoiding the production of by-products and synthesis of cell mass.
Recent studies on PCSK enzymes have shed light on novel functions in diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, osteoporosis, and cancer. The research has revealed that these enzymes may play a crucial role in regulating cholesterol levels and bone formation, offering potential new treatments for dyslipidemia and osteoporosis.
Research suggests that genetic variations in enzymes producing neuroactive steroids may be related to the risk of developing alcohol dependence. Studies have found linkages between AD and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding two key enzymes required for the generation of endogenous neuroactive steroids.
Researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine found a direct correlation between elevated troponin and creatine phosphokinase levels and increased risk of death, even among those who initially recover well from CABG surgery.
A team of researchers at the University of Gothenburg has identified an enzyme called GGTase-I that, when blocked, can lead to chronic inflammation and joint destruction in mice. The study suggests that GGTase-I plays a crucial role in suppressing RAC1 activity, which is behind the development of inflammatory disorders.
A team of researchers led by Dr. Jayakrishna Ambati has discovered a molecular mechanism implicated in geographic atrophy, the major cause of untreatable blindness in the industrialized world. The study identified Alu RNA toxicity as the underlying cause and developed two potential therapies to prevent geographic atrophy.
Researchers aim to utilize residual field crop material for industrial bio-ethanol production by breaking down cellulose into sugar. They are testing a bacterium's toolbox of enzymes to find ideal combinations for efficient degradation.
Researchers have developed a 3D model of Human 5-Lipoxygenase, the molecule responsible for creating inflammatory compounds that provoke asthma. This breakthrough could lead to more effective and targeted asthma medications with fewer side effects.
Researchers at the University of Southampton successfully crystallized a key norovirus enzyme, paving the way for the development of an antiviral treatment. The breakthrough could help alleviate the significant public health burden caused by noroviruses, which are responsible for one million cases in the UK each year.
A study published in Science reveals nearly 30,000 novel enzymes that can efficiently degrade plant cell wall materials, a major breakthrough for large-scale biofuel production. The discovery sheds light on the molecular machinery used by microbes in the cow's rumen to break down biomass into simple sugars.
A University of Illinois study suggests that consuming broccoli with broccoli sprouts can enhance the vegetable's anti-cancer effect by almost twice as much. Preparing broccoli correctly, with intact myrosinase enzyme, is key to unlocking its health benefits.
Researchers used accelerated evolution to engineer enzymes that can efficiently break down nerve agents, providing protection against nerve gas attacks. The developed enzymes show near-complete protection against certain types of nerve agents.
Two bacterial enzymes, AAD-1 and AAD-12, have been identified as conferring robust resistance to 2,4-D in corn and soybeans. The discovery may provide a solution to the spread of herbicide-resistant weeds, allowing growers an alternative to glyphosate.
Researchers at Scripps Research Institute found that enzyme ADAR1 slows down measles virus replication and protects cells against other respiratory viruses. The discovery provides a significant improvement in understanding measles infections, which kill around 150,000 children and adults worldwide.
Researchers at The Wistar Institute have described the complete atomic structure formed by a yeast HAT and one of its associated proteins, revealing how a particular histone acetylation event works. This finding provides a crucial step towards understanding epigenetics and its related processes.
Ischemic retinopathy is characterized by uncontrolled blood vessel formation in the retina. Researchers found that inhibiting an enzyme can prevent this by restoring balance between 'good guy' and 'bad guy' growth factors.
A study by researchers at Ohio State University found that an enzyme-armed virus can spread more effectively through brain tumors and improve survival rates. The enzyme helps the virus clear a path through protein molecules, allowing it to destroy cancer cells more efficiently.
A new report reveals a key mechanism linking cellular energy state with whole-body energy state, optimizing fat absorption. Researchers found that the AMPK-SRC-2 pathway plays a crucial role in regulating fat uptake and storage.
A study by German researchers discovered a link between the PNPLA3 gene and liver cirrhosis in Caucasian alcoholics, revealing that those carrying a specific genetic variant may be at a higher risk of developing the condition. The study found that up to 50% of these high-risk individuals may progress to cirrhosis.
A European research team has developed a form of therapy to treat Alpha-mannosidosis, a rare childhood disease causing mental retardation and hearing loss. The therapy, called Lamazym, aims to replace the missing enzyme in cells, increasing life expectancy and quality of life.
Scientists found that extreme temperature variations greatly impact chemical reactions, with some taking over 2 billion years to occur without enzyme assistance. This discovery challenges traditional views on life's origins and may influence future research on artificial catalysts.
A new study by Iowa State University researchers demonstrates that replacing the enzyme for MPS I shortly after birth can prevent irreversible damage and clinical signs of brain, heart, and bone disease. The breakthrough opens the door to improved methods of enzyme delivery in human patients with similar genetic disorders.
Researchers found enzyme replacement therapy beginning at birth can eliminate almost all symptoms of mucopolysaccharidosis type I, a rare genetic disorder. Early treatment also showed significant improvements in brain pathology and reduced disease severity in animal models.
Researchers at Arizona State University have successfully produced plant-derived human butyrylcholinesterase, a bioscavenger that can neutralize organophosphate toxins. This breakthrough holds promise for protecting the nervous system from pesticide and nerve agent poisoning, as well as treating related diseases such as Alzheimer's.
Researchers at Temple University found that 5-lipoxygenase plays a regulatory role in amyloid beta formation, a major component of Alzheimer's plaques. Asthma inhibitors may prevent or treat the disease by modulating this protein.
Researchers have found that cough suppressant syrup can be used as a probe to predict how well individual breast cancer patients metabolize tamoxifen, leading to more effective and targeted treatment. The study's results suggest that this method could improve patient outcomes by identifying those with altered metabolism.
A study by University of Wisconsin-Madison scientists identifies Sirt3 as a crucial enzyme in the aging process, which helps to slow down aging by reducing free radicals produced by mitochondria. The findings provide a rational basis for devising interventions to retard aging and improve health in old age.
Scientists identified a key enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can be targeted for new TB treatments. Three compounds were found to inhibit the enzyme effectively, killing bacterial cells.
Researchers at Virginia Tech have discovered a single P450 enzyme responsible for producing two common plant volatiles that defend against insect attacks. The discovery provides new insights into the biosynthesis of these compounds and offers potential applications in improving crop pest controls.
Researchers have isolated P450 compound I, a highly reactive chemical species involved in human metabolism of pharmaceuticals, enabling larger-scale studies to understand its chemical reactions. This breakthrough has significant implications for medicine and basic chemistry, driving research into specificity control.
Researchers have successfully recreated the metabolic process of a critical enzyme responsible for breaking down drugs and nutrients. By trapping the enzyme at a specific stage, they gained insight into how people respond differently to certain chemicals, which could aid in developing more efficient drugs and household products.
Scientists have engineered plants to accumulate high levels of desired compounds that could be used to make plastics. The research uses a new metabolic pathway in plants to produce a type of fatty acid that could serve as a source for chemical building blocks.
A team of researchers has discovered a way to target and block the enzyme beta glucuronidase, which causes severe diarrhea in patients taking CPT-11, a widely used colon cancer treatment. The breakthrough approach could improve anticancer drug efficacy and tolerance without harming beneficial gut bacteria.
Using x-ray crystallography, researchers at Saint Louis University have revealed the molecular structure of the zymogen form of thrombin, a precursor to the active enzyme involved in blood clotting. This discovery provides crucial information about the activation mechanism and opens new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
A new study reveals that immune cells use chromatin to form defensive webs, catching and killing pathogens with the help of enzymes neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase. The discovery opens up a new understanding of how the body defends against infection.
Researchers at UNC School of Medicine found a gene variant associated with increased sensitivity to alcohol, suggesting a new mechanism for perception and brain effects. This discovery could lead to the development of drugs that enhance sensitivity to alcohol, while also offering insights into the complex nature of alcoholism.
Researchers at the University of Missouri are using X-ray diffraction to study a unique enzyme found in the 'kissing bug' parasite and Aspergillus fumigatus fungus. The goal is to develop drugs that can inhibit the enzyme's activity, which could lead to breakthroughs in treating pulmonary diseases and Chagas disease.
A study published in Genes & Development found that blocking the action of an enzyme called PDE-4D3 leads to a significant increase in melanin production. This could lead to a novel way of protecting the skin from cancer-causing UV radiation, without the need for sunless tanning or indoor tanning.
A study from the Monell Center reveals that salivary amylase activity shapes how people perceive starchy food textures. Variability in enzyme levels influences starch digestion and metabolism, potentially impacting insulin resistance and diabetes risk.
Researchers found that an enzyme associated with fat storage in liver cells is required for HCV infectious activity. DGAT1 inhibitors may be effective against HCV, with several already in early clinical trials to treat obesity-associated diseases.
Researchers have developed a method to identify lytic enzymes with optimal bacteria-killing characteristics, which can target superbugs while leaving beneficial bacteria intact. The discovery aims to hasten the development of engineered enzymes for clinical use and offer a 'push button technology' solution.
Researchers from the USDA have identified a group of enzymes known as feruloyl esterases that can break down key links between plant cell wall polymers. These enzymes, produced by certain microbes, have been isolated and cloned for use in Escherichia coli to improve biofuel production efficiency.
Oregon State University researchers have successfully loaded biological molecules onto nanosprings, a nanostructure that maximizes surface area in microreactors. The findings may lead to new nanotech applications in pharmaceuticals, biological sensors, and biomedicine.
Researchers at UCLA have successfully controlled chemical reactions mechanically, enabling precise manipulation of molecular interactions. By applying mechanical stress to enzymes, they can influence specific steps in the reaction process, paving the way for new applications in medicine and beyond.
A University of Georgia study identifies a critical enzyme called MEC-17 that regulates microtubule acetylation in the nervous system. The finding could lead to new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, which have altered levels of acetylation marks on microtubules.
A man-made chemical enzyme has been used to neutralize glycoside esculin, a toxin found in horse-chestnuts, demonstrating the feasibility of 'Chemzyme' technology. The artificial enzyme's resilience and designability make it a promising solution for various industrial applications.
Researchers at Rice University studied bacteria in a competition for evolutionary dominance, finding specific genetic mutations that imparted physical advantages. These mutations were linked to increased resistance to temperature changes and protein misfolding, which may be related to human diseases like Alzheimer's.
Researchers use fruit flies to study protein modifications that can contribute to cancer development. The study aims to unravel the role of enzyme San in tissue proliferation and cancer growth.
Researchers at Norwich BioScience Institutes have identified a mechanism to slow down fat digestion by introducing surfactants, which break down protein layers and enhance enzyme activity. This discovery may lead to the development of foods with slower fat digestion rates, inducing satiety.
Scientists have discovered that Helicobacter pylori needs vitamin B6 to cause and maintain stomach infections. Researchers used a mouse model to identify the importance of PdxA and PdxJ enzymes in bacterial pathogenesis, paving the way for novel antibiotic treatments.
The study aims to understand how enzymes activate molecular oxygen and attach it to substrate molecules to synthesize siderophores, essential for the microbes' metabolic needs. The researchers will use protein crystallography training to train global scientists and students.
A new coating, combining carbon nanotubes with the natural enzyme lysostaphin, has been created to safely eradicate MRSA from surfaces. The coating is effective, selective and stable, and does not rely on antibiotics or leach chemicals into the environment.
A newly discovered molecular mechanism helps control the amount and effectiveness of a substance that mimics an active ingredient in marijuana. The study suggests that the enzyme ABHD6 plays a crucial role in degrading this substance, which is produced by the body's own nerve cells.
Scientists have obtained the closest look yet at how a gargantuan molecular machine breaks down unwanted proteins in cells, a critical housekeeping chore that helps prevent diseases such as cancer. The research provides valuable clues on how the enzyme, tripeptidyl peptidase II, keeps cells tidy and disease-free.
DZNE and LMU researchers have identified alpha secretase enzyme ADAM10, which cleaves amyloid precursor protein without forming beta-amyloid plaques. This discovery opens up new possibilities for diagnosing and preventing Alzheimer's disease.
Researchers found that an enzyme in the cholera bacteria uses a previously unknown mechanism to provide energy. This discovery offers insights into creating drugs to target the bacteria without harming humans. The study provides new understanding of how living organisms convert energy and transport ions.
Scientists at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging have discovered a family of enzymes involved in the breakdown of toxic fragments that lead to Huntington's disease. Inhibiting these enzymes, known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), has been shown to reduce the accumulation of toxic fragments associated with HD.
Two middle school students from Wisconsin have co-authored a study revealing the innermost structure of a key bacterial enzyme that activates antibiotics and anti-cancer agents. The researchers identified the 3D structure of the methyltransferase, a crucial step in determining its function.
Researchers have witnessed how a key enzyme called photolyase works at the atomic level to repair sun-damaged DNA in a few billionths of a second. The discovery holds promise for future sunburn remedies and skin cancer prevention by allowing scientists to design drugs or lotions that heal sun damage.