Articles tagged with Neuronal Synapses
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A team at the University of Tokyo discovered that syntaxin protein plays a vital role in storing memory in the nervous system, influencing the migratory behavior of nematodes. The study found that altering syntaxin can lead to reversed behavior, allowing worms to choose whether to approach or avoid salt concentrations.
A study published in Cell Reports Medicine has identified an autoantibody that may cause schizophrenia in some individuals. The researchers found that this autoantibody caused schizophrenia-like behaviors and changes in the brain when injected into mice, highlighting a potential new direction for diagnosis and treatment.
Researchers have developed a process to convert non-neuronal cells into functioning neurons that can take up residence in the brain and restore capacities undermined by Parkinson's destruction of dopaminergic cells. In a proof-of-concept study, one group of experimentally engineered cells performs optimally in terms of survival, growth...
A new study suggests that supplementing a diet with Ascidiacea, also known as sea squirts, reverses some main signs of aging in animal models. The researchers found that plasmalogens, vital to body processes, decrease with age and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
Researchers mapped neural networks in marmoset and macaque monkeys to find that multiple areas in the frontal lobe control vocalization, contradicting a long-held view. This discovery could lead to a better understanding of speech disorders such as stuttering and apraxia.
Scientists at the University of Oxford have developed an 'optomemristor' device that facilitates three-factor learning and emulation of biological computations, making it possible to perform complex machine learning tasks. The device uses both light and electrical signals to interact and consume very little energy.
Researchers at Washington State University have demonstrated a way to make memristors using honey, which can mimic the work of human synapses and process data in memory. The honey memristor chips could lead to the development of neuromorphic computing systems that function like the human brain.
The study highlights the need to analyze molecular markers, such as genetic sequences or brain proteins, to obtain more accurate assays, diagnoses and therapies. The results show changes in astrocytes attempting to adapt to toxic environments from the disease, worsening its progression.
A new genetic-labeling method developed by Osaka City University researchers uses a single gene to reveal neuronal circuits from multiple upstream regions. The 'intersectional, anterograde transsynaptic targeting system' demonstrates enhanced synaptic specificity in two different mouse brain circuits.
Scientists at Linköping University successfully integrated artificial nerve cells with a living plant using printed organic electrochemical transistors. The system mimics the ion-based mechanism of pulse generation in plants, inducing action potentials that cause the leaves to close.
Researchers at MIT found that different types of dendrites process incoming information in distinct ways before sending it to the neuron's body. This specialization enables neurons to integrate various inputs and generate an appropriate response, particularly in navigation and planning movements.
Neuroscientists have designed neural organoids with both mature neurons and astrocytic glial cells to study interactions between brain cells. The new technology enables the emulation of brain activity during healthy and disease states, opening doors to rapid drug screening for neurological diseases.
Professor Alexander Ecker is awarded a Starting Grant to develop machine-learning methods to describe neurons' shape and function, leveraging a large dataset from the US Brain Initiative. The research aims to uncover how a neuron's shape relates to its role in sensory information processing.
Research led by Diego Bohórquez at Duke University has identified the cells responsible for sensing sugar in the gut. These neuropod cells produce neurotransmitters that transmit signals to the brain, allowing animals to distinguish between real sugar and artificial sweetener.
The HyVIS project is a four-year European initiative that will develop bionic synapses for retinal prostheses, exploiting residual neuronal functionality to restore sensitivity to light. The approach involves plasmonic nanocannals and intelligent polymers to release neurotransmitters in response to light stimuli.
Researchers found that human neurons have a lower density of ion channels compared to other mammals, suggesting an evolutionary adaptation for energy efficiency. This difference in channel density may enable the human brain to allocate more resources to complex cognitive processes.
Researchers have discovered that genes regulating synaptic connections between cells are active in specific parts of the digestive chambers of freshwater sponges. This finding suggests that these cells may be evolutionary precursors for the first animal brains, providing insight into the evolution of brain function.
A team of scientists led by Associate Professor Nicola Allen found that astrocyte signaling is directly related to each stage of neuronal development. The researchers determined that astrocytes respond to neurotransmitters produced by neurons to control the timing of signal production, instructing neuronal growth and development.
Researchers at UC San Diego have discovered the main components driving amyloid beta-associated synapse degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. They found that blocking a toxic signaling pathway can protect synapses and preserve cognitive function, offering a potential therapeutic agent.
Researchers at EPFL Brain Mind Institute discovered that minis, miniature release events of neurotransmitters, play a crucial role in maintaining healthy synapses. Increasing the frequency of minis kept synapses intact and preserved motor ability in middle-aged fruit flies.
Researchers at IST Austria find that ketamine and 60-hertz light flickering can remove the perineuronal net, a structure responsible for stabilizing brain connections. This could lead to new therapeutic approaches for treating post-traumatic stress disorder and amblyopia.
Researchers at Göttingen University have discovered that adult mice brains display increased experience-dependent spine removal, a hallmark of critical period-like plasticity. This study reveals structural changes in the visual cortex associated with silent synapses and sheds light on lifelong neural plasticity.
A study by University of Chicago researchers found that some neurons in the brain can compensate for the loss of their neighboring neuron, a process known as synaptic plasticity. However, not all neurons have this capacity, and the remaining neuron's ability to compensate depends on its functional properties.
Scientists have developed a light-activated protein that can study single synapses in neurons, revolutionizing the understanding of long-term potentiation. The discovery reveals the physical changes in dendritic spines during long-term potentiation, providing valuable insights into learning and memory.
Researchers at the University of Zurich discovered that the size of connections between nerve cells determines their signaling strength. By measuring synaptic currents and analyzing synapse structure, they found a direct correlation between synapse size and signal strength.
Researchers develop coloring technique to 'paint' neurons with fluorescent colors, enabling identification of each neuron in an animal's nervous system. The NeuroPAL method allows scientists to record a whole nervous system in action and decode brainwide activity patterns.
An interdisciplinary team of scientists has developed a novel approach to measure the activity and strength of individual synapses that drive a neuron's response. They found that strong synapses do not have strict relationships with neuron responses, but rather are influenced by the total number of activated synapses.
A POSTECH research team identified the mechanism behind neurological diseases such as dementia, autism, and schizophrenia. They found that BDNF regulates AMPA receptors, which are crucial for synaptic function in nerve cells. The study provides clues to treating development or degenerative brain diseases like autism and dementia.
Researchers at Heidelberg University have discovered a new class of highly effective inhibitors that protect nerve cells from degeneration. The novel inhibitors target the interaction between NMDA receptors and TRPM4 proteins, which leads to cell death in neurodegenerative diseases.
Scientists have discovered that changes in brain cartilage cells regulate memory changes during sleep, making memories stronger and weaker. Sleep deprivation prevents these changes, suggesting that altering the structure of perineuronal nets may be one of the mechanisms behind sleep-induced memory consolidation.
Researchers have discovered that neurons interact differently with the same muscle partner, revealing a previously unappreciated diversity in their propensity to respond to changes. The findings suggest that these subclasses of neurons exhibit distinct types of plasticity, which is essential for learning and memory.
A study by researchers at Nanjing University found that synaptic variability allows the nervous system to generate variable motor programs, enabling flexibility and adaptability. This mechanism is crucial for learning new activities and adjusting to changing environments.
A team led by Christos Papadimitriou proposes a new computational system, the Assembly Calculus, that encompasses operations on assemblies of neurons involved in cognitive processes. The system is consistent with recent experimental results and has been demonstrated to be plausibly realizable at the level of neurons and synapses.
A new research project called SpinAge aims to develop a neuromorphic computer system that can mimic the human brain's synapses and neurons, increasing computer performance by up to 100,000 times. The project, coordinated by Aarhus University, seeks to reduce energy consumption in current computing systems by at least a factor of 100.
Researchers found that degrading perineuronal nets improves learning abilities in mice but disrupts memory storage. Children's brains have flexible connections allowing for better learning and recovery from brain injury due to intact perineuronal nets.
Researchers have made a major breakthrough in understanding the genetics of Down syndrome by identifying a new mechanism involved in its expression. The study found that RCAN1, a gene overexpressed in Down syndrome brains, regulates synaptic plasticity, which affects learning and memory.
A protein complex of Teneurin, Latrophilin, and FLRT attracts neighboring neurons during development, enabling synapse formation and information exchange. In early brain development, however, the same proteins repel migrating nerve cells, guiding them to their target brain area.
Researchers found that a 'sticky' gene called Shisa7 plays a critical role in regulating inhibitory neural circuits and sedative effects of benzodiazepines. The discovery could lead to more effective treatments for neurological disorders caused by problems with these circuits.
Researchers from MIPT created a second-order memristor that stores information and forgets it over time, mimicking natural memory. The device is based on hafnium oxide and has potential applications in designing analog neurocomputers.
A team of researchers at LMU in Munich has found that messenger RNAs are transported between the cell body and nerve processes like sushi on an endless conveyor belt, allowing them to reach specific synapses. The discovery sheds light on how proteins are delivered to synapses, a crucial process for learning and memory.
Scientists from Russia and Greece have successfully implemented a spiking neural network based on memristors, demonstrating the feasibility of local learning rules. The research enables autonomous unsupervised learning of complex neural networks, paving the way for new applications in AI.
Researchers used AI to train neural networks on complex behavioral tasks, revealing two distinct processes involved in short-term memory. These processes include a 'silent' process where the brain stores memories without ongoing neural activity, and a more active process where circuits of neurons fire continuously.
Researchers identified two proteins in young mouse blood that enhance neuronal connectivity and synaptic function in human neurons. These findings suggest that young blood contains multiple synapse-promoting factors that could contribute to cognitive aging and decline.
A team of researchers from the Universities of Münster, Oxford, and Exeter have developed a light-based hardware that mimics the behavior of neurons and synapses in the brain. The chip can process data much faster than traditional computers, enabling applications such as medical diagnoses and cancer cell identification.
A team of scientists at VIB and KU Leuven has discovered a key role for Prl-1 phosphatase in specifying the formation of neuronal circuits in the brain. The discovery, made using a genetic single-cell approach in fruit flies, sheds light on how complex brain patterns develop during early development.
Researchers from Tohoku University have developed artificial neuron and synapse devices using spintronics technology, mimicking the brain's architecture. The devices demonstrated fundamental behavior of biological neurons and synapses, including leaky integrate-and-fire and spike-timing-dependent plasticity.
The study reveals that the rapidity with which neurons fire off affects information processing in the brain. Neurons in the hippocampus use spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) to learn and form memories, with precise timing determining the strength of connections between neurons.
Researchers at Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience developed a new method to identify functional properties of individual synapses linking the two hemispheres. They found that callosal inputs and local inputs with similar orientation preference are clustered within the dendritic field, enabling coordinated network activity.
A team of scientists has captured a high-resolution, three-day image of the fly brain using expansion plus lattice light-sheet microscopy. The new imaging technique allows for rapid 3D images of brain tissue with details as small as 60 nanometers across.
Researchers from Lobachevsky University have developed a memristive device that mimics the behavior of synapses in biological neurons. The device uses pulse signals to create a simulated connection between neuron-like generators, demonstrating reproducible bipolar switching between low and high resistance states.
The University of Texas at San Antonio has acquired a two-photon holographic microscope to understand how incorrect wiring impacts brain function. This device will enable researchers to activate specific pathways in the brain and train neurons to respond to specific patterns of synaptic activity.
Researchers have discovered that neurons themselves trigger the immune system response in Rasmussen's encephalitis, leading to synaptic damage. By blocking this signalling pathway, they may be able to develop new treatments for the disease.
A biochemical reconstitution approach demonstrated that multivalent interaction networks formed by major PSD scaffold proteins lead to formation of PSD-like assemblies via phase separation. These assemblies can cluster receptors, concentrate enzymes, and promote actin bundle formation.
Neural circuits use inhibition to adjust excitatory inputs, producing more selective responses. Inhibitory connections often originate from neurons that prefer opposite directions of motion.
Disrupted transportation routes in nerve cells cause Parkinson's disease by destroying synapses and leading to cell death. Researchers identified alpha-synuclein protein as the trigger for these traffic jams.
Researchers discovered that subplate neurons form transient synapses with newborn neurons, controlling their migration during fetal brain development. This finding sheds light on the mechanisms regulating neuronal migration and its implications for mental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.
Using advanced imaging technology, researchers found structural changes in the connections between neurons that strengthen to enable learning. The molecules involved in sending and receiving signals appeared to be organized in clumps or 'nanomodules' that both dance and multiply when stimulated by learning-like signals.
Researchers have found that nitric oxide regulates neuron function by modulating a signalling step at the synapse, changing the position of the complexin protein within a synapse. This regulation can help understand neurological conditions and potentially lead to new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
MIT researchers developed a special-purpose chip that increases the speed of neural-network computations while reducing power consumption. The chip can calculate dot products for multiple nodes in a single step, improving efficiency and making neural networks more practical for handheld devices.
A recent study by Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience researchers found that neighboring dendritic spines within a few micrometers of each other share similar functional properties, regardless of the diversity of sensory features they encode. This discovery suggests that local order in dendritic spine functional properties ma...