Traffic jams in the brain
Disrupted transportation routes in nerve cells cause Parkinson's disease by destroying synapses and leading to cell death. Researchers identified alpha-synuclein protein as the trigger for these traffic jams.
Neuronal Synapses
Articles tagged with Neuronal Synapses
Synaptic communication controls neuronal migration
Researchers discovered that subplate neurons form transient synapses with newborn neurons, controlling their migration during fetal brain development. This finding sheds light on the mechanisms regulating neuronal migration and its implications for mental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.
What learning looks like in the brain
Using advanced imaging technology, researchers found structural changes in the connections between neurons that strengthen to enable learning. The molecules involved in sending and receiving signals appeared to be organized in clumps or 'nanomodules' that both dance and multiply when stimulated by learning-like signals.
Deciphering the 'mosaic' of the brain
Researchers have found that nitric oxide regulates neuron function by modulating a signalling step at the synapse, changing the position of the complexin protein within a synapse. This regulation can help understand neurological conditions and potentially lead to new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
Neural networks everywhere
MIT researchers developed a special-purpose chip that increases the speed of neural-network computations while reducing power consumption. The chip can calculate dot products for multiple nodes in a single step, improving efficiency and making neural networks more practical for handheld devices.
Order in disorder: A key feature of dendritic organization in the brain
A recent study by Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience researchers found that neighboring dendritic spines within a few micrometers of each other share similar functional properties, regardless of the diversity of sensory features they encode. This discovery suggests that local order in dendritic spine functional properties ma...
Novel technology provides powerful new means for studying neural circuits
A new Brown University-developed technology called trans-Tango allows scientists to visualize neural connections in fruit flies, revealing previously unmapped gustatory circuits. The technology enables circuit tracing and has the potential to control circuit functions, expanding its applications in neuroscience.
Can you hear me now? Ensuring good cellular connections in the brain
Salk Institute scientists discovered that astrocytes induce communication between pairs of neurons early in development through glypican 4. The protein increases receptors on postsynaptic neurons, enabling active connections. This breakthrough offers a promising therapeutic target for neurological disorders.
New research uncovers a cause of schizophrenia
A new study from the University of Copenhagen reveals that genetic defects in glial cells may lead to schizophrenia by impairing myelin production and neural network formation. The research uses mouse models with human glial cells to demonstrate the defective glial cells' role in brain disorders.
The brain sets a unique learning rate for everything we do, by self-adjusting to the environment
A Dartmouth-led study refutes the theory that behavior under uncertainty is optimal, finding that synapses can self-adjust learning rates using metaplasticity. The brain adjusts learning according to the uncertainty about reward in a given environment.
Therapies that target dementia in early stages critical to success
Researchers have found that synapses in brain cells display unusual properties before disease progression, pointing to a new approach for treating dementia. The study highlights the importance of synaptic stability in the development of the condition.
When less is essential to keep the brain going
Researchers discover that a small GTP-hydrolysis enzyme called Rab4 is essential for the assembly of synapses and corresponding brain functions. Reduced supply of Rab4 increases synapse formation in fruit fly neurons, which may have implications for treating Alzheimer's Disease.
Artificial synapse for neural networks
Scientists at Stanford University and Sandia National Laboratories have developed an artificial synapse that mimics the human brain's efficient processing. This innovation could lead to the creation of more brain-like computers that can interpret visual and auditory signals with improved accuracy.
A peek at the nightlife of synapses reveals they weaken, and why
Two studies reveal that synapses shrink after mice sleep, only to grow again upon waking, suggesting a balance mechanism between activity and rest. A gene called Homerla plays a role in synaptic weakening during sleep by remodeling a molecular signaling complex.
New discovery may improve recovery after stroke
A new treatment strategy that creates new nerve synapses in the brain may improve recovery after stroke, allowing for faster learning and motor function recovery. The study found sustained improvement in mice treated with C3a peptide, which was administered through nasal drops.
'Hunger' neurons in the brain are regulated by protein activated during fasting
Researchers discover that AMPK, a protein activated during fasting, regulates 'hunger' neurons involved in feeding behavior, leading to increased food intake and body weight. Blocking AMPK activity reduces hunger and AgRP neuron firing, even after fasting.
New insights into neural computations in cerebral cortex
Scientists at Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience found that dendrites play an active role in cortical processing and shape how neurons encode visual information. The arrangement of synaptic connections within the dendritic field supports this active role, enabling neurons to exhibit diverse selectivity.
Proteins associated with schizophrenia hang around longer than previously thought
Researchers at Drexel University found that a protein called TCF4, associated with schizophrenia and Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome, remains present in cells after neurogenesis and restricts synapse formation. This persistence may contribute to the development of these neurodevelopmental disorders.
Study finds only a small portion of synapses may be active during neurotransmission
Researchers used fluorescent false neurotransmitter 200 to observe synaptic activity in mice, revealing that only a small number of synapses may be active at any given time. This discovery could help understand how brain signals are transmitted and potentially shed light on brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
Stroke recovery in mice improved by Ambien, Stanford study shows
Researchers found that low doses of Ambien enhance synaptic GABA signaling, a type of nerve-cell activity beneficial for recovery. The study's results suggest potential therapeutic benefits for humans, but need replication before clinical trials can begin.
Minding the gap: International team defines spaces through which nerve cells communicate
Researchers defined the makeup of synaptic clefts, the gaps between nerve cells, and found dynamic structures that can be altered by genetic mutations. The study sheds light on potential causes of autism and related disorders, including increased risk for drug addiction and impaired learning and memory.
First direct evidence for synaptic plasticity in fruit fly brain
Researchers at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory have observed direct evidence of synaptic plasticity in the fruit fly brain while flies learn. The team found a dramatic reduction in synaptic strength upon subsequent presentations of the test odor, indicating a decrease in its attractiveness.
Imitating synapses of the human brain could lead to smarter electronics
Scientists develop first-of-its-kind synthetic synapse that mimics the plasticity of the real thing, allowing for learning and self-healing capabilities. The novel dynamic system made from aluminum oxide and twisted bilayer graphene has the potential to aid in the development of biology-inspired electronics.
Building and breaking synapses
A new study reveals the role of ephrin-B3 in organizing synapses, which is essential for healthy brain function. The discovery could lead to better treatments for neurological diseases such as autism and Alzheimer's.
Neurobiology: Light-activated learning
Researchers have developed a light-activated switch that enables precise control of NMDA receptors, which are crucial for forming and storing memories. This tool promises to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
Brain learning simulated via electronic replica memory
Scientists developed a novel adaptive-control approach to mimic synapses in the human brain. This method uses memristors, which display resistance dependent on past states, enabling anti-synchronisation phenomena and improving system stability.
Brain development suffers from lack of fish oil fatty acids, UCI study finds
Researchers found that dietary deficiencies in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids limit brain growth during fetal development and early in life. A balanced diet rich in these fatty acids is essential for proper pre- and postnatal neural growth.
Scientists view effect of whisker tickling on mouse brains
Researchers at Johns Hopkins University developed a technique to visualize AMPA receptors in live mice, revealing that tickling increases receptor levels and strengthens synapses. This discovery has broad applications for studying learning and neurological disorders like autism, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia.
Neurons listen to glia cells
Researchers found glial cells transmit information to neurons through a specific protein fragment, influencing neural cross-talk. Disruption of this flow affects learning and sensory input processing, leading to behavioral changes.
Neurons listen to glia cells
A team of scientists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz uncovered a new signal pathway in the brain that plays a crucial role in learning and sensory input processing. Glial cells release a specific protein fragment that influences neuronal cross-talk, leading to changes in neural networks.
The yin and yang of overcoming cocaine addiction
A study published in Neuron found that the brain has an intrinsic anti-addiction response that can be boosted to prevent relapse. This 'anti-relapse' circuitry remodeling is induced by cocaine exposure and decreases craving, offering new neurobiological targets for interventions.
Stem cells reveal how illness-linked genetic variation affects neurons
A recent study using stem cells found that a rare genetic variation, known as DISC1, reduces synapse growth in young brain cells, contributing to schizophrenia and depression. The researchers also discovered that the variation regulates the activity of over 100 genes related to synapses.
Study suggests disruptive effects of anesthesia on brain cell connections are temporary
Researchers found brief exposure to a commonly used anesthetic reduced dendritic spine numbers and shape in rat brain cells, but this effect was reversible within weeks. The study provides insight into the potential risks of general anesthesia on developing brains and suggests that some cognitive effects may be slowly reversible.
Scientists find new clues to brain's wiring
Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine have identified a group of proteins that program common type of brain nerve cell to connect with another type of nerve cell. This finding is an important step forward in understanding the causes of intellectual disability and autism by learning how developing brain is built.
Scripps Florida scientists shed new light on nerve cell growth
Researchers at Scripps Florida have shed light on the complex process of nerve cell growth, revealing a key protein's role in regulating axon extension. The study shows that RPM-1 coordinates the growth of axons with synaptic connection construction, providing new insights into neuronal development.
Team explains how mutated X-linked mental retardation protein impairs neuron function
Research reveals how mutated OPHN1 protein disrupts AMPA receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity, contributing to X-linked intellectual disability. The study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this condition.
Regulatory effects of glial cells on retinal synaptic plasticity
Retinal glial cell activation is involved in retinal synaptic plasticity following acute high intraocular pressure-induced retinal damage. Inhibiting glial cell activation may be a promising strategy to modulate retinal synaptic plasticity and protect neurons from death.
Stanford scientists create circuit board modeled on the human brain
Researchers developed a new circuit board, Neurogrid, capable of simulating 1 million neurons and billions of synaptic connections using 16 custom-designed chips. The device is more efficient than other brain mimics on the power it takes to run a tablet computer.
Synapses -- stability in transformation
Researchers found that synapse components grow in a coordinated way to maintain stability, essential for long-term memories. This understanding sheds light on how synapses can remain stable despite the need for regular molecular replacement.
Stanford researchers survey protein family that helps the brain form synapses
Researchers identified 450 variants of neurexin proteins, offering new evidence on their role in forming synapses. The study suggests that these protein variants contribute to the diversity of synaptic connections, paving the way for further research into neurological disorders.
Cannabis during pregnancy endangers fetal brain development
A study published in the EMBO Journal found that cannabis consumption during pregnancy can lead to defective nerve cell development, affecting higher cognitive functions and memory formation. The study identified THC as a key contributor to these developmental deficits.
Synaptic transistor learns while it computes
Researchers created a synaptic transistor that mimics the behavior of a synapse, enabling continuous adaptation to changing signals. The device offers several advantages over traditional transistors, including non-volatile memory and inherent energy efficiency.
When neurons have less to say, they speak up
In a breakthrough study, researchers found that brain neurons can regulate their own activity to maintain a constant level of activity even after significant changes, such as sensory organ loss. This allows for regeneration and adaptation, essential for healthy brain function and recovery from injury.
To live and learn: Making memories has to be a speedy business
A new study from McGill University has discovered that nerve cells have a special mechanism, known as the 'pre-assembly' technique, which enables rapid protein production at synapses. This allows the brain to quickly form memories and adapt to new experiences, with potential implications for treating neurodevelopmental disorders.
Nobel Prize winner reports new model for neurotransmitter release
Recent Nobel Laureate Thomas C. Südhof presents a new model for neurotransmitter release, suggesting that SNARE proteins may not form a pore but instead physically force vesicles and axon membranes to fuse spontaneously.
Stanford scientists reveal how beta-amyloid may cause Alzheimer's
Researchers discovered that beta-amyloid destroys synapses by binding to a receptor called PirB, leading to a cascade of biochemical activities. The study suggests that Alzheimer's disease starts to manifest long before plaque formation becomes evident, offering new hope for earlier treatments.
Sanford-Burnham researchers develop new drug that reverses loss of brain connections in Alzheimer's
Researchers at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute developed a new drug, NitroMemantine, that boosts brain synapses lost in Alzheimer's disease. The drug restores synaptic connections between nerve cells, offering new hope for early and late-stage Alzheimer's patients.
Carnegie Mellon neuroscientists discover new phase of synaptic development
Researchers found synapses get stronger initially but then quickly weaken through a transitional phase, making them more vulnerable to further stimulation. This discovery suggests ways to control learning by manipulating biochemical pathways that maintain memory.
Scientists discover the origin of a giant synapse
Researchers have identified a protein responsible for controlling the growth of gigantic synapses in the auditory part of the brain. These massive synapses allow for rapid signal transmission, outpacing other neuronal circuits by a fraction of a millisecond, enabling humans to pinpoint sound sources with remarkable accuracy.
Scripps Research Institute scientists help unravel central mystery of Alzheimer's disease
Researchers have discovered that brain damage in Alzheimer's disease is caused by the overactivation of an enzyme called AMPK, leading to the loss of synapses and neuron damage. Blocking this enzyme in mouse models prevented further neuronal loss.
Star-shaped glial cells act as the brain's 'motherboard'
Researchers at Tel Aviv University discovered that astrocytes play a key role in brain communications, integrating messages and connecting neuronal circuits. This new framework offers insight into brain disease and disorders, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's, which are linked to malfunctions in brain connectivity.
Peering into living cells -- without dye nor fluophore
Researchers at EPFL have created a device that combines holographic microscopy and computational image processing to observe living biological tissues at the nanoscale. Three-dimensional images of living cells can be obtained in just a few minutes with an incredibly precise resolution of less than 100 nanometers.
Study: Model for brain signaling flawed
A new study reveals that the tripartite synapse model, long accepted by the scientific community, is incorrect in adult brains. The model, which proposes that multiple cells collaborate to move signals in the central nervous system, does not accurately represent brain signaling beyond development.
Scientists propose revolutionary DNA-based approach to map the wiring diagram of the brain
A team of neuroscientists proposes a new method to determine neuronal connectivity using high-throughput DNA sequencing. The BOINC barcoding technique labels neurons with specific DNA barcodes, which are then shared across synapses through engineered viruses. This approach promises to be faster and cheaper than current methods.
Neuroscientists propose revolutionary DNA-based approach to map wiring of whole brain
A team of neuroscientists proposes a new method to assemble the 'connectome' via genetic barcoding, which uses high-throughput DNA sequencing to probe neural connectivity at the resolution of single neurons. This approach promises to be much faster and cheaper than current methods.
Blue Brain Project accurately predicts connections between neurons
The Blue Brain Project has accurately predicted the locations of synapses in a cortical microcircuit, demonstrating key principles that govern brain structure and function. This breakthrough enables the creation of near-perfect models of the nervous system, shedding light on how brains are constructed from diverse populations of neurons.
Researchers have identified a gene with a key role in neuronal survival
Scientists discovered the Nurr1 gene plays a crucial role in neuron survival associated with synaptic activity. The findings provide insight into the relationship between early synaptic deficits and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
New models predict patterns of brain damage in dementia
Two studies published in Neuron have developed groundbreaking models that predict the landscape of degeneration in various forms of dementia. The models, which focus on structural and functional connectivity networks, suggest that dementias target specific networks of neurons linked by connectivity rather than spatial proximity.
University of Alberta led research may have discovered how memories are encoded in our brains
Scientists at the University of Alberta investigated the molecular mechanism of memory encoding in neurons. They found components that fit together, enabling information processing and storage capacity necessary for forming and retaining memories.
Sharp images from the living mouse brain
Researchers at Max Planck Institute have recorded detailed live images inside the brain of a living mouse using STED microscopy, making minute structures visible for the first time. This breakthrough could help decipher fundamental processes in the brain and shed light on illnesses caused by synapse malfunction.