Articles tagged with Centromeres
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers at UC Davis discover that chromosome shattering, a process previously only seen in animal cells, occurs in plant embryos when combining centromeres with weakened structures. This finding opens up new possibilities for plant breeding and could aid cancer researchers using the model plant Arabidopsis.
A new study by Penn researchers reveals how a special type of nucleosome, containing the protein CENP-A, is stabilized at the centromere during cell division. The presence of accessory protein CENP-C imparts stability to CENP-A molecules, ensuring proper chromosome separation.
Researchers from Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center discovered that CenH3, a foundational protein in cell division, is surprisingly absent in many insect species. This finding challenges the long-held assumption of its essentiality and provides insights into the evolution of centromeres and potential mechanisms for chromosomal instability.
Researchers at Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia have developed new methodologies to quantify protein molecules in living human cells. They measured approximately 400 CENP-A proteins present on centromeres, essential structures that drive chromosome segregation during cell division.
The study reveals that two kinases, Plk1 and CDK, work together to ensure precise CENP-A replenishment at centromeres. Incorrect timing of this process can lead to chromosome segregation failure, resulting in cell death or disease.
A single protein, NLP, has been identified as crucial for the correct arrangement of chromosome centromeres in the nucleus. The protein binds to the centromere region and causes clustering near the nucleolus, a process that can impact genome stability and potentially contribute to cancer development.
Researchers have identified key proteins involved in loading a vital protein into the centromere, a critical region for cell division. Disruption of this process can lead to abnormal numbers of chromosomes, common in 90% of cancer cases.
Researchers at Stowers Institute for Medical Research have developed a novel approach to count fluorescent molecules in a cluster, resolving the long-standing debate on centromere structure. By applying this method to yeast cells, they found that centromeric nucleosomes change their structure during cell division.
Researchers at the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia have uncovered a molecular mechanism that enables cells to accurately inherit non-genetic information, such as protein structures. This epigenetic memory is crucial for maintaining genome organization and preventing errors in cell division, which can lead to cancer.
A team of scientists has discovered that the histone protein CenH3 is both necessary and sufficient to trigger the formation of centromeres and pass them on from generation to generation. This discovery may help develop artificial human chromosomes for gene therapies in medicine.
Chromosomes use centromeres to initiate synapsis, a process that ensures proper matching of chromosomes during meiosis. This discovery sheds light on a critical step in the complex process of meiosis, which is essential for genetic diversity and reproduction.
Researchers have discovered a key mechanism controlling the segregation of genetic material from parent to daughter cells. The study found that degradation of CenH3 protein is essential for limiting its presence at centromeres and that this degradation is mediated by protein partner Ppa.
Scientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory have discovered a protein complex called condensin that keeps chromosome arms folded and easy to transport. This discovery may lead to a better understanding of how chromosomes are organized during cell division, with implications for our own cells' ability to divide properly.
The kinetochore complex assembles preferentially at the ends of chromosomes, particularly in the telomeres, due to low chromatin turnover and absence of typical heterochromatin and euchromatin proteins. This suggests that epigenetic histone marks play a crucial role in determining kinetochore formation.
A team of researchers has made a breakthrough in understanding the assembly of centromeres in human cells, revealing an essential division of labor among specific proteins. By visualizing these proteins in living cells, they discovered that certain proteins like CENP-A play a crucial role in carrying genetic information to the centromere.
Researchers have discovered a mechanism for kinetochore formation that does not rely on the traditional centromere protein CENP-A. CENP-C and CENP-T/W complexes can direct functional kinetochore assembly, enabling accurate chromosome segregation. This breakthrough has implications for generating human artificial chromosomes.
Researchers reveal the structure of CENP-A, a molecule that plays a central role in DNA duplication and equal distribution into two daughter cells. The study provides insights into how CENP-A marks centromere location on each chromosome.
Plant biologists at UC Davis have discovered a reliable method for producing plants that carry genetic material from only one parent, which could dramatically speed up the breeding of crop plants. The technique uses genome elimination to eliminate half the chromosomes, resulting in haploid plants that are immediately homozygous.
The study of the domestic horse's genome reveals remarkable similarities to humans, shedding light on key aspects of mammalian evolution. The analysis also provides a starting point for mapping disease genes in horses, potentially deepening knowledge of diseases in both species.
IGC scientists, led by Lars Jansen, discover protein CENP-N that triggers centromere assembly, providing new insights into accurate cell division. The discovery earns an EMBO installation grant and a paper in Nature Cell Biology.
Researchers used CO-FISH to detect centromeric recombination and found 15 events per centromere, six times the rate of telomeric DNA, and 175 times genomic DNA. Methyltransferase knockdown increased recombination but also decreased centromere length due to misaligned segments.
Researchers used a new mass spectrometry technique to determine how CENP-A turns a chromosome's center section into a stable centromere. The study sheds light on the process of cell division and its connection to birth defects and cancer.
The University of Georgia has been awarded a $5.6 million grant from the National Science Foundation to develop artificial chromosomes in corn, which could lead to breakthroughs in crop protection and yield improvement. The research will focus on centromeres, repetitive DNA regions that control chromosome movement during cell division.
Researchers have sequenced a native centromere in rice, revealing active genes that defy the notion of non-coding DNA. The discovery provides insights into chromosome evolution and has significant implications for plant engineering.
The human genome has been fully sequenced, revealing important genes and their biological significance. The sequence data is expected to aid in the understanding of genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis and Williams-Beuren syndrome.
Research suggests centromeric DNA and histones evolve rapidly, influencing species compatibility. Continuous evolution of centromeric histones may be driving adaptation to changing DNA sequences, contributing to the 'centromere paradox' and species sterility.
Researchers have defined and sequenced the centromeres of five chromosomes in Arabidopsis thaliana, a flowering plant that has become the primary model for plant genetics. The findings represent the first time scientists have identified the genetic boundaries of centromeres in a multi-cellular organism.