Articles tagged with Evolutionary Genetics
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers sequenced mitochondrial genomes to understand penguin evolution, revealing two new extinct species on the Chatham Islands. The discovery sheds light on how humans impacted New Zealand's marine biodiversity in the past.
Researchers sequenced a large portion of the fruit fly Y chromosome, discovering duplicated sequences and gene conversion mechanisms that enable genes to survive on the often-misunderstood Y chromosome. This new understanding challenges traditional views of the Y chromosome as a 'genetic wasteland',
Researchers found that variations in a single gene led to changes in phosphorus release and calcium uptake in fish, potentially triggering ecosystem-wide effects. The study suggests a link between genetic variation and ecological implications, highlighting the importance of understanding how species adapt to their environments.
Herbivore species lost genes related to triglyceride digestion inhibition and pancreatic enzyme secretion, enabling efficient digestion. Carnivores lost genes linked to appetite regulation, glucose production, and detoxification of plant compounds, indicating reduced gut microbial diversity.
A team of biologists and physicists have shown that cells optimize the use of all available genetic code information to position themselves with precision. This study demonstrates a mathematically optimal process in complex biological systems, predicting cell placement accuracy within 1 percent of actual locations.
Researchers reconstructed the phylogenetic tree of six African baboon species, revealing that genes were exchanged between species, leading to new species emergence. This study sheds light on fundamental biological processes producing new species and provides an analogous model for understanding human evolutionary history.
Researchers discovered that isolated populations of threespine sticklebacks develop comparable characteristics in alkaline and acidic habitats, suggesting a shared genetic basis. The study found that changes in the genome proceed in similar ways across different habitats, making evolution predictable.
A study published in PLOS ONE suggests that machine learning can provide an equally accurate and reliable prognosis for patients with cardiovascular disease, compared to traditional methods. The use of genetic programming reduces bias and human error, allowing complex associations to be made transparent to clinicians.
Researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology discovered that RNA's chemical ancestors can spontaneously form spiral strands in plain water without catalysts or enzymes. The spiraling integrated another compound, forming a structure similar to RNA, and demonstrated the possibility of an early evolutionary path for RNA.
Scientists at UC San Diego have developed the world's first CRISPR/Cas9-based approach to control genetic inheritance in a mammal. They successfully engineered an active genetic element that can be copied from one chromosome to another, allowing for the control of multiple genes in mice.
A study by Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg found that a single gene enables worker bees to produce female offspring, leading to the colony's takeover. This phenomenon, known as thelytoky, is a dominant genetic trait that allows these 'false queens' to reproduce and invade other colonies.
Cells maintaining their shape and proportions are crucial for successful reproduction through cell division. Fission yeast cells, studied in the research, found that a cell's shape determines where it will divide, highlighting the fundamental biological basis of scaling.
A genetic study of over 6,000 Latin Americans has identified new variations associated with skin colour and eyesight. The research found that lighter skin among Eurasian people evolved independently from different genetic backgrounds.
A study by University of Barcelona researchers found that the green turtle reintroduction program in Cayman Islands has successfully recovered the species' population, with a high genetic diversity. The program's success is attributed to careful management and monitoring, ensuring the long-term survival of the species.
Research implicates genetic variants affecting NMDAR functioning as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Variants in four genes, including GRIN1 and GRIN2B, were found to be more common in people with schizophrenia.
Researchers have created mice with unusually short and long tails through genetic engineering, revealing key roles for the Lin28 and Hox13 genes in regulating tail development. The study provides new insights into the complex mechanisms controlling tail formation and has potential implications for understanding developmental and pathol...
A genomic analysis by University of British Columbia researchers found that northern goshawks on Haida Gwaii have a highly distinct genetic cluster, with only around 50 birds remaining. The study adds context to conservation efforts and highlights the need to protect this vulnerable population.
Researchers sequenced the European gypsy moth genome, revealing its largest moth or butterfly genome ever recorded. The study provides insights into the insect's immune system and potential bioinsecticides to protect forests and orchards from destruction.
Researchers found that a specific set of genes and brain activity changes occurred in all species undergoing evolutionary transitions to monogamy, suggesting a universal formula for complex social behaviors. The study covers 450 million years of evolution, spanning multiple species, including mammals, birds, frogs, and fish.
Gene-editing techniques may enable mass-producing capsaicinoids in tomatoes, which have nutritional and antibiotic properties. Researchers aim to develop commercial applications for these compounds.
A University of Michigan study reveals that hybridization between black and mantled howler monkeys is playing a direct role in completing the speciation process by enhancing genetic differences. The researchers found evidence for multiple forms of natural selection, including reinforcement, driving species differences.
Researchers are conducting a comprehensive study of the walking cavefish to better understand the 'fin-to-limb' transition that enabled the first vertebrates to walk on land. The project aims to identify the genomic, morphological and mechanical qualities that enable fish to walk on land.
Researchers at New York University have developed a method to visualize genetic mutations in single cells, allowing for early detection of rare events and high-resolution analysis of evolutionary tempo. This breakthrough has significant implications for studying mutations in pathogens and human cancers.
Researchers identified two genes, UBR4 and PHLPP1, that correlate with reduced cranial roundness in modern humans carrying Neandertal DNA fragments. These genes are involved in brain development and may have played a role in the evolution of human brain shape.
A recent study by Medical University of Vienna professor Leopold Eckhart reveals the key molecular and evolutionary origins of mammalian adaptations in skin proteins. The research found that fully aquatic mammals require only one set of epidermal keratins, suggesting a unique evolutionary path.
Researchers found a predecessor of today's corn plants, still bearing wild ancestor features, was brought to South America from Mexico over 6,500 years ago. Farmers improved the crop in Mexico and the Amazon until it was fully domesticated, challenging previous single-origin theories.
A QUT-led collaboration reveals the banded hare-wallaby is the closest living relative of the giant short-faced kangaroos. The study combined DNA evidence with fossil and anatomical data to trace body size change over millions of years.
Researchers identify a new strain of Yersinia pestis in ancient DNA, suggesting it may have contributed to the decline of Neolithic European settlements. The strain is believed to have evolved before mass migrations from the Eurasian steppe, spreading through trade routes and infecting mega-settlements with poor sanitation.
Otago researchers found a genetic factor, PLEKHG6, that drives unique aspects of brain development in primates and humans. This discovery could lead to better understanding of brain building and repair strategies.
A study led by University of California, Davis, found that human actions alter the characteristics of wild species, leading to irreversible changes. The researchers analyzed genetic data from spring-run Chinook salmon and concluded that losing this gene could result in their extinction forever.
Scientists have created a version of RNA that could have served as an early genetic polymer, with inosine replacing guanine to improve accuracy. The results suggest that inosine could have played a crucial role in the origins of life.
Researchers in the University of Helsinki have confirmed a fossilized seal hybrid between grey and ringed seals, with genetic analysis suggesting possible interbreeding in the wild. The discovery provides insights into hybridization between mammalian species, including early humans.
A new study by SF State biologists reveals that the distinctive 'horn-like' cephalic lobes of manta rays are actually modified fins, developed through a simple genetic tweak. The researchers found that the same Hox genes guiding fin development in related species also shape the horns in manta rays.
Archaeologists and scientists studied ancient Maya shells and tissue samples, leading to the first molecular study of freshwater mussels in Mexico and Central America. The study provided crucial insight into North American freshwater mussel evolution and revealed that some species were overestimated due to lack of DNA data.
A study analyzing over 50,000 genomes identified 12 specific DNA fragments related to ADHD vulnerability, highlighting a polygenic hereditary basis and functional relevance. The research also reveals genetic overlaps with major depression, obesity, and other conditions.
A recent study by Earlham Institute sheds light on the genetic orchestra conductors behind domestication of dogs, cows, horses, pigs, and rabbits. By analyzing microRNAs in their brains, testicles, hearts, and kidneys, researchers discovered that some miRNAs have evolved more recently, playing a crucial role in emerging novel traits.
Research reveals that variation in opsin gene expression affects guppy females' preferences for male orange colors, highlighting the interplay between visual properties and mate choice. Genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors contribute to differing light sensitivity, driving the evolution of diverse male sexual colors.
Bridgett vonHoldt and Tom Smith used Mendelian genetics to identify the gene IGF-1 associated with bill size in black-bellied seedcrackers. The study found a 3:1 pattern of inheritance, where large beaks were dominant over small beaks.
A new computer model flags areas ripe for preservation of California's native species, focusing on biodiversity hotspots and evolutionary uniqueness. The model aims to prioritize conservation efforts with limited funds.
A study of salmon in Northern Finland found that the gene version urging them to mature earlier has become more prevalent, while the version for larger growth is rarer. This suggests that evolution is at play as salmon adapt to their environment.
Researchers have developed a new technique that accelerates and simplifies the directed evolution bioengineering method, allowing for rapid mutation and evolution of genes in yeast cells. This breakthrough enables scientists to perform multiple evolutionary cycles continuously, leading to faster discovery of new proteins and enzymes.
Scientists have found an optimal mating distance that maximizes genetic fitness in model organisms, including baker's yeast, Arabidopsis plants, and mice. This discovery has implications for animal and plant breeding as well as conservation.
A genetic scan of 4,578 TB samples from China revealed just two dominant strains account for 99.4% of cases, with strain L2 spreading widely due to internal movement allowing its spread. The study also found that strain Lineage 4 was introduced via the silk trade between 1084 and 1336 A.D.
Researchers discovered that even tiny genetic variations between plants can significantly improve their combined yield when grown together in mixed communities. By analyzing the genetic makeup of different plant crosses, they identified key genes responsible for enhancing team performance.
Researchers have found that the unique bird species on Inaccessible Island has its origins in South America, rather than Africa or Asia. The birds likely arrived on the island via debris or flying, and over time evolved into a flightless species due to abundant food sources and predator-free habitats.
Traces of cocoa dating back 5,300 years have been discovered in the Santa Ana-La Florida archaeological site in Ecuador. The study suggests that the Mayo Chinchipe civilization consumed cocoa almost continuously from 5,300 to 2100 years before present.
The California Academy of Sciences has described 17 new species of sea slugs, shedding light on the evolution of color patterns and their significance in coral reefs. The discovery highlights the importance of nudibranchs as indicators of ocean health and reveals diverse ecosystems across the Indo-Pacific region.
A team of evolutionary biologists discovered the genetic basis for the repeated evolution of color patterns, specifically horizontal stripes, in East-African cichlid fishes. The study found that a specific gene, agrp2, is responsible for the emergence and loss of stripes, making repeated evolution possible within a short period.
Researchers confirm six genetically distinct tiger subspecies through genome-wide analysis of 32 tiger specimens, revealing unique features and evolutionary histories for each group. The findings provide robust evidence for subspecies delineation in tigers.
Research suggests giant tortoise sizes evolved independently on multiple continents, contradicting the island rule theory. Fossil records reveal extinct mainland giants in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas, which went extinct during the Pleistocene ice age.
A study on Darwin's finches reveals two pathways of species generation and diversification driven by selective mating based on body and beak size. The authors note that hybridization between similar lineages can drive speciation, highlighting the importance of conservation of diverse environmental conditions.
MSU researchers developed a new course 'Integrative Biology: From DNA to Populations' featuring Avida-ED, a digital evolution software program. This approach allows students to engage with biological concepts in a familiar and interesting context, resulting in increased understanding of evolution-influenced topics.
A new study suggests that changing how microbes are classified can reveal clearer patterns of similarity between closely related mammals in terms of their gut microbiomes. The researchers propose an alternative approach to classification based on evolutionary history, which helps uncover meaningful units among microbes.
A newly identified gene, ancV1R, is found to be conserved across fish and mammals, suggesting an ancient origin for pheromone sensing. The discovery opens new avenues of research into the evolution and function of pheromone signaling in vertebrates.
Researchers created flies with ancient genes to understand how mutations drove major evolutionary changes in embryonic development. The study found that two chance mutations were the major causes of a profound change in the animal's developmental processes, resulting in present-day descendants exhibiting new developmental functions.
Scientists and legal scholars warn that DARPA's Insect Allies program could be misused for biological warfare due to the ease of dispersing genetically edited viruses into fields. The technology has the potential to rapidly alter crop properties, raising concerns about its peaceful use.
Researchers found that a gene variant, 5-HTTLPR, reduces the risk of depression associated with friendship and relationships stresses when young, but increases the risk following financial stress. This discovery may offer new insights into the evolution of depression.
Researchers found that many genes inherited from Neanderthals interact with modern-day viruses like HIV and influenza A, suggesting they provided protection against ancient RNA viruses. The study suggests a 'poison-antidote' model of gene swapping between species, where Neanderthals bequeathed genetic tools to combat invaders.
Scientists from Shinshu University have analyzed the genetic DNA of Stenopsyche caddisflies, a common Japanese insect delicacy. The study reveals that these insects originated in southern Asia and dispersed globally over millions of years.
Cell biologist Needhi Bhalla's research reveals a complex chromosomal monitoring system that prevents errors during meiosis, a type of cell division. The system involves checkpoints and molecular mechanisms to ensure proper progression of recombination.