Articles tagged with Evolutionary Genetics
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers used molecular methods to identify genetically unique areas on Sulawesi, prioritizing conservation efforts for species with distinct evolutionary lineages. The study highlights the need for targeted resource allocation to maximize biodiversity conservation.
A multidisciplinary research team led by IUB evolutionary geneticist Michael Lynch will study the genetic mechanisms of recombination in Daphnia. The grant aims to understand this critical phenomenon in the life cycles of all sexual organisms and its impact on human diversity.
Researchers have discovered cooperation between genetically similar but unrelated male blue-throated lizards, challenging the traditional theory of kin selection. The study found that these cooperative males exhibit higher fitness levels and improved reproductive success due to their neighborhood relationships.
A study found that the Y chromosome uses a unique gene conversion mechanism to preserve its genetic integrity, allowing it to maintain functioning genes important for male fertility. The discovery was made possible by high-quality DNA sequences from the Human Genome Project.
Researchers have identified a gene, Nup 96, that plays a crucial role in preventing the reproduction of hybrid fruit fly species, suggesting natural selection as the driving force behind their divergence. The study provides unprecedented insight into speciation and offers new avenues for understanding the evolution of genetic traits.
Researchers discovered rapid evolution in the white-footed mouse population, with significant changes in gene sequence frequencies over three 50-year intervals. The findings suggest that humans may be a cause of this rapid evolution, and challenge current phylogenetic and phylogeographic methodology.
A team of scientists used ALife to create a road map detailing the evolution of complex organisms, finding that complex functions are built up from simpler ones and some mutations become positive forces over time. This research sheds light on how complex features arise in living organisms, providing new insights into evolutionary theory.
A new study found that many fig wasp species are cryptic, meaning they are genetically identical but belong to different host fig species. This challenges current ideas about the stability and evolution of mutualisms, strengthening other critical parts of modern evolutionary theory.
Researchers studied a gene called Hybrid male rescue in fruit flies and found it altered at an unprecedented rate, speeding up the formation of new species. The work suggests that genetic changes can occur rapidly, driving species divergence.
A study found that 54% of human olfactory receptor genes are impaired, compared to 28-36% in other primates. The decline of the sense of smell likely occurred within an 'evolutionary moment' 3-5 million years ago.
Stanford biologists Paul R. Ehrlich and Marcus W. Feldman critique genetic determinism in their essay, arguing that human behavior is shaped by environmental factors rather than genes. They also challenge the concept of heritability, pointing out its limitations in predicting human behaviors.
Nei's work has developed statistical methods to study genetic diversity, evolutionary relationships, and species divergence. He pioneered the neighbor-joining method for constructing phylogenetic trees, widely used worldwide.
A new study by Brigham Young University researchers found that walking stick species re-evolved wings after losing them 50 million years earlier. The discovery raises questions about the basics of evolutionary theory and suggests that complexity can be maintained over tens of millions of years.
UC Riverside biologists present a model system for studying the evolution of complex organs using guppy-like fish. They find that placentas have evolved independently three times in closely related species, suggesting that they can emerge on a relatively short time scale.
Researchers create first binary enzyme using only two nucleotides, A and U, to demonstrate Darwinian evolution in a genetic system. This breakthrough supports the theory that early life on earth may have been restricted to two bases.
A new theory proposes that evolutionary pressures drove human traits beneficial to economic growth, such as valuing high-quality offspring. The transition from hunter-gatherer tribes to nuclear families with intergenerational links accelerated this process.
Researchers extract biochemical information from fossil bones, avoiding errors associated with morphology, to compare ancient and modern species. The study reveals the survivability of osteocalcin protein in fossil bones, paving the way for new insights into evolutionary relationships.
The Field Museum is part of a 15-20 year program to fill in the Tree of Life, using genetic studies, fieldwork and existing information. The project aims to determine evolutionary relationships among bird species and other groups, with applications in disease research, conservation and ecosystem restoration.
Researchers at Weizmann Institute of Science observe 'sister chromosome' repair mechanism, which is responsible for 85% of last-resort repairs. This system enables cells to repair genetic damage without creating mutations, increasing genetic diversity and driving evolution.
Researchers found that glutinous rice originated in Southeast Asia due to a single genetic mutation in the Waxy gene, which suppresses amylose and gives it its sticky composition. The study also suggests that early Asian farmers selectively bred glutinous rice for its desirable traits.
Scientists have developed a new genetic screening technique that narrows the pool of candidate genes from thousands to fewer than 100, potentially speeding up the search for genes responsible for inherited traits. The method combines two established techniques and has been tested on fruit flies, with promising results.
The study provides strongest support for mutation accumulation (MA) theory, proposing that aging results from accumulated mutations of genes kept in check early in life. This theory suggests that genes associated with diseases like Huntington's and cancer have noticeable effects late in life.
Scientists are exploring how molecular genetics can improve classical biological control by finding natural enemies well adapted to target invasive pests. Genetically modified crops with toxins like Bt may also be compatible with natural enemies, offering a new approach to controlling unwanted insect pests.
Studying genetically engineered mice that lack specific PDE4 subtypes, researchers found that inhibition of PDE4D mediates much of the emetic response. The study aims to develop subtype-specific inhibitors effective in airways without affecting other tissues.
A new study reveals three distinct species of African elephants: savanna, forest, and west African. The west African population has been diverging for over two million years and is threatened with extinction due to human activities.
Scientists identify FOXP2 gene as crucial for human language development, but theologians argue that language and culture are complex matters that may require deeper explanations. The study's findings challenge the notion that language is a uniquely human trait, sparking discussion on Catholic views of evolved body vs created soul.
The consortium aims to reveal secrets of the Archaea domain, a grouping thought to include organisms with ancient evolutionary lineages. Researchers will study the structure and function of genes and proteins in this domain.
Researchers Aviv Bergman and Mark Siegal found that complexity of genotypes, rather than natural selection, provides fidelity in development. They argue that functional genetic networks with enough complexity exhibit built-in property of fidelity, unaffected by environmental disturbances or natural selection.
A new cellular evolution theory challenges Darwinian assumptions by emphasizing horizontal gene transfer as the driving force behind cellular life's evolution. This process allowed for the acquisition of alien cellular components, including genes and proteins, to promote evolutionary change.
Scientists tested the founder effect model in a natural population of Silvereye birds, finding that speciation occurs gradually, not suddenly. The study challenges long-held assumptions about genetic diversity in island bird populations.
A new genetic adaptation allowed Yersinia pestis to be transmitted through the bite of an insect, a discovery that sheds light on the evolution of the plague bacterium. The enzyme PLD plays a critical role in the survival of Y. pestis in the midgut of fleas.
A recent genome study by Penn State researchers overturns a popular hypothesis on species relationships between humans, fruit flies, and nematode worms. The classic Coelomata hypothesis was based on the comparison of structural similarities among these species, but the new findings support this long-standing theory.
Researchers at Princeton University developed a mathematical method to predict the coming year's flu strain based on previous years' genetic sequences. The approach identified clusters of genetically similar viruses that tend to dominate in each season, with an accuracy rate comparable to existing methods.
A researcher has found a key genetic change that separates the spineless from the backboned, revealing how an old gene gave birth to new ones. The study sheds light on the evolution of developmental programs in animals, including the adaptation of T-box genes in humans and other species.
Researchers propose that social insects like ants, bees, and wasps provide a unique opportunity to study genetic imprinting. This process involves the labeling of genes by mothers and fathers before passing them on to their offspring, leading to conflicts between maternal and paternal genes.
The study reveals significant differences in human and chimpanzee brain gene and protein expression, with humans accumulating expression differences at least five times faster than chimpanzees. This discovery may provide insights into the genetics underlying diseases that affect humans but not chimps.
Researchers discover immune proteins that viruses once exploited have evolved to call in attacks against their former exploiters. This finding suggests that the immune system may be turning the tables on pathogens, and could lead to new strategies for fighting viral infections.
A recent study published in Science reveals that chimpanzees and humans have strikingly different patterns of gene expression in the brain, with humans exhibiting accelerated evolutionary change. This difference may hold clues to understanding medical traits such as AIDS, malaria, and Alzheimer's disease.
A recent study confirms that mutations are mainly caused by random errors in cell divisions, contradicting earlier estimates. The study found a low male-female mutation rate, especially in closely related species, but a high alpha in distantly related species, supporting the dominant role of males in driving evolution.
Researchers tracked extinct brown bears using stable isotope data, finding a separate population in Eurasia. The study suggests that competition between brown and short-faced bears was not the primary factor in their extinction.
Researchers create model that accurately reproduces natural evolution and predicts how bacteria will become resistant to antibiotics. The model shows promise as a possible tool for creating new drugs that can evade bacterial adaptation.
Templeton's analysis reveals human population expansions occurred between 420,000 and 840,000 years ago and 80,000 to 150,000 years ago. Genetic interchange between populations has occurred throughout history, contradicting the idea of replacement events.
Researchers found that about 25% of genes in fruit flies are evolving rapidly in response to competitive pressures, contradicting the neutral theory. In humans, around 35% of accumulated changes are 'good,' contributing to disease resistance and sexual reproduction, highlighting the ongoing role of natural selection.
Biodiversity hotspots, home to 55% of world's primates and 22% of carnivores, are facing extinction, threatening 343 million years of evolutionary history. Preserving these ecosystems is crucial to maintaining genetic diversity and the survival of species.
Researchers reveal how mutations in Hox genes allowed aquatic crustaceans to evolve into six-legged insects, answering a key criticism of evolution. The discovery sheds light on the genetic mechanisms behind macroevolutionary change.
Researchers at Stanford Medicine developed a system to study genetics and evolution in natural populations using the three-spine stickleback fish. They found parallels between laboratory genetics and evolutionary changes in the fish, suggesting that evolution can occur through large-effect gene changes.
Researchers at HHMI used the threespine stickleback as a model to study genetic changes that define a species. They discovered that different chromosome regions control the development of different parts of the fish skeleton and found correlations between spine lengths and genetic variation.
Researchers have discovered a key cell communication gene in modern choanoflagellates, revealing that the genetic tools needed for multicellular animals were already present in single-celled microbes. This finding supports the idea that genes came before their exploitation by organisms.
Researchers suggest that South American caviomorph rodents colonized by African ancestors via oceanic currents, challenging paleontological ideas. Genetic analysis reveals a shared ancestry between African and South American rodent groups, diverging around 45 million years ago.
The newly detailed structure of PRD1 reveals striking similarities with human adenoviruses, suggesting a conserved icosahedral shape used by viruses across species. This knowledge may inform the development of novel antibiotic strategies against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Researchers found that humans possess two activated copies of the IGF2R gene, which helps prevent fetal overgrowth and cancer susceptibility. This genetic difference may make human cloning less complicated than other animals.
Research suggests centromeric DNA and histones evolve rapidly, influencing species compatibility. Continuous evolution of centromeric histones may be driving adaptation to changing DNA sequences, contributing to the 'centromere paradox' and species sterility.
Scientists have discovered the genetic and molecular means by which roundworms develop resistance to Bt toxins, which are safe to humans but threaten long-term effectiveness. The researchers identified a galactosyltransferase enzyme as key to toxin recognition, enabling the development of strategies to delay or circumvent resistance.
Researchers at Duke University used nuclear genes to analyze genetic material from 15 mammal species, providing statistically unambiguous results in favor of the Theria hypothesis. This contradicts the Marsupionta hypothesis supported by mitochondrial DNA method, which links disparate animals like kangaroos and whales.
A study by Jonathan B. Losos and Dolph Schluter found that the diversity of lizard species on larger Caribbean islands is primarily due to evolutionary processes, rather than colonization and extinction. The researchers used the Caribbean lizard phylogeny to estimate the number of immigration and speciation events on the islands.
Researchers at University of Wisconsin-Madison identify gene called bric-a-brac that establishes sex differences in body pigmentation, with males under pressure to evolve new traits to stay competitive. The discovery provides a window into ongoing evolutionary processes and sheds light on the genetic basis of sex differences.
Researchers found that young birds can recognize and prefer learning the songs of their own subspecies over other types. The study also revealed that birds have a more finely detailed sense of song than previously thought. After tutoring, two-thirds of the birds chose to sing their own subspecies' song.
Researchers use 18th-century formula to reconcile DNA study discrepancies and create more consistent picture of evolution's history. By considering all possible evolutionary trees, Bayesian mathematics allows for a more accurate understanding of the evolutionary history of life.
Researchers identified distinct regions in the DNA where random genetic changes are more likely to benefit or harm an organism, suggesting a potential way to analyze genetic information from humans and other species. The study's findings could aid in understanding how life developed various proteins.
HHMI researchers found that yeast prions can transmit phenotypes through protein-protein interactions, hinting at the presence of undiscovered protein-based 'genetic elements'. This discovery offers a powerful new technique for exploring cells' machinery by selectively turning off specific proteins.