Articles tagged with Genome Evolution
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers found widespread evidence of evolution in all populations studied, with signals of positive selection detected in genes related to metabolism, skin pigmentation, and brain development. The study identified over 700 recently evolving genes, including the lactase gene, which enabled Europeans to digest milk into adulthood.
A new global evolutionary map has been created using DNA sequences of complete genomes, revealing key details about the origin of species and early evolution. The improved tree has also shed light on microbial diversity in unexplored environments.
Research using Daphnia pulex reveals that sexual reproduction efficiently removes deleterious gene mutations, suggesting it is a key mechanism for maintaining population health. Asexual species, in contrast, accumulate bad mutations at an increased rate, supporting the idea that sex plays a crucial role in purifying genomes.
The genetic code of marsupials has been documented for the first time, revealing insights into mammalian immune system evolution. The analysis of the gray, short-tailed opossum's genome found that an important cluster of immune genes, known as MHC, was likely present in ancestral mammals and has since fragmented into multiple chromosomes.
The study provides fundamental insight into the evolution of influenza viruses in nature and could lead to effective strategies for controlling outbreaks of bird flu viruses in humans and birds. The results reveal new forms of bird flu genes, how these viruses evolve through time and the identification of genes that travel together.
A study of 135 bacteria and 16 primitive microorganisms reveals large- and small-scale organizational patterns in their genomes, which are highly nonrandom. The findings suggest that evolution of prokaryotes is constrained by both gene content and genome arrangement on chromosomes.
The Daphnia pulex genome, a model organism in ecological research, has been fully sequenced, providing insights into the genetic responses of species to their environments. The completion of this project will help ecologists understand how genetic variation influences adaptation and population survival in changing ecosystems.
Researchers identified over 200 cases of TIC involving 421 human genes, finding that genes often reside closer together and share standard splicing machinery. The discovery challenges the 'one gene, one protein' rule and may lead to the development of non-toxic engineered fused proteins for drug applications.
Researchers identified long tracks of genomic segments devoid of transposable elements, known as TFRs, which occur across multiple species. These regions are evolutionarily conserved and associated with critical biological processes.
David Kingsley's work on stickleback populations shows major morphological changes are controlled by simple mechanisms. The study highlights the importance of evolutionary biology in understanding animal adaptation and aiding human health.
Studies on evolution at the genetic level revealed new insights into the human species' evolutionary history and potential for personalized medicine. Other research advances included planetary discovery, plant molecular biology, and a deeper understanding of neutron stars and climate change.
An international team of scientists has completed the genomic sequences of three Aspergillus species, including Aspergillus nidulans, A. oryzae, and A. fumigatus. The comparative analysis reveals that both A. oryzae and A. fumigatus have the genetic potential for sexual reproduction, despite being previously thought to be asexual.
Biologists at Georgia Tech found a strong negative linear relationship between genome size and effective population size in 1,043 species of fish. This suggests that larger genomes may evolve due to reduced genetic variation, not as an adaptation.
Researchers discovered a distinctive variant of the prodynorphin gene in humans, which increases production of neuropeptide prodynorphin. This variant is linked to increased brain size, memory, perception, and sensitivity to pain, as well as potential risks for drug addiction, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders.
Researchers harness dog genome data to study genetic diseases, breed characteristics, and skeletal variation. The findings highlight the dog's potential as a valuable model organism in genetics and medical research.
A study comparing the genomes of boxers and poodles identified significant genetic variations that could be used to study diseases, development, and behaviors in dogs. The research also sheds light on evolutionary influences shaping mammalian genomes.
Scientists suggest prioritizing organisms based on evolutionary divergence to maximize sequence diversity, offering a more efficient approach than considering multiple factors simultaneously. This 'greedy strategy' allows centers to select the best candidates one at a time without compromising overall effectiveness.
A new study published in Science demonstrates that microRNAs affect the expression or evolution of the majority of human genes. The researchers found that nearly all genes contain short sequences matching microRNA target sites, which are evolutionarily conserved across species.
The project aims to sequence the maize genome to understand more about plant genomes and evolve cereal genomes. Scientists will sequence a maize cultivar called B73, with the goal of identifying new genes responsible for important traits like yield and drought tolerance.
A 'Perception' gene tracked by scientists suggests regulation of this gene played a crucial role in the evolution of modern humans' mental capacity. The gene, prodynorphin, is implicated in pain perception, social attachment, learning and memory.
Researchers discovered that two proteins in HDLs work synergistically to kill the Nagana parasite in humans. This finding contradicts a long-held hypothesis and provides new information for treatments of parasitic infections like malaria.
A global consortium has released a haplotype map, providing valuable information on human genetic variation and its association with diseases. The map reveals complex patterns of inheritance, allowing for more efficient identification of genetic contributors to common diseases.
A recent UCSD study shows that non-coding regions of DNA, often referred to as 'junk' DNA, are essential for maintaining an organism's genetic integrity and play a crucial role in evolutionary survival. These findings suggest that these regions are not functionally inactive but rather provide resistance to new mutations.
The NHGRI network will focus on medical sequencing projects targeting dozens of rare single-gene disorders and genes contributing to common diseases like heart failure and diabetes. By analyzing genomic variations in hundreds of individuals, researchers hope to uncover new insights into human health and disease.
Researchers at The Institute for Genomic Research predict that infinite genomes may never be fully described due to the continuous emergence of new genes in bacteria and viruses. By analyzing eight isolates of Group B Strep, TIGR scientists discovered a core genome with an average of 1806 genes present across all strains.
A biologist will receive a $500,000 MacArthur grant for groundbreaking work in innovative gene and molecule studies. The award recognizes exceptional originality and dedication to their creative pursuits.
The FANTOM consortium's findings provide a major step towards identifying all protein building blocks, using multiple mechanisms to produce different forms of proteins in mammals. The research also explores the importance of non-coding RNA in development and evolution, revealing why complex organisms evolved beyond simple genes.
Researchers Dr. Dixie Mager and colleagues identified 37 instances where retroelements were deleted during human-chimpanzee evolution, suggesting an important role for short DNA sequences in genomic deletions. The study also found that non-retroelement sequences underwent significant changes, indicating widespread genomic variation.
Researchers found that the human Y chromosome has stabilized itself over 6 million years, while the chimpanzee Y chromosome is accumulating mutations making its genes useless. The human Y's ability to defend itself is due to carrying spare copies of testis-expressing genes.
Researchers used genome synteny to study two closely related flower genes, AGAMOUS and PLENA, in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum. They found that the genes originated from a single duplicated event around 125 million years ago.
Research reveals bdelloid rotifers' unique ability to evolve without sex lies in their efficient handling of DNA transposons. These 'junk DNA' snippets are often a burden for species that reproduce asexually, but bdelloids handle them with relative ease.
A recent study reveals that symbiotic bacteria, such as Blochmannia, exhibit exceptional genomic stability despite rapid protein evolution. Genome sequencing of the black carpenter ant mutualist revealed that all shared genes were completely conserved in both genomes, indicating a striking lack of genetic change over millions of years.
A team of scientists compared the genomes of eight mammalian species, finding that chromosomes tend to break in the same places as species evolve. This discovery has implications for understanding human disease and cancer, which are often linked to chromosomal translocations.
Researchers found accelerated chromosomal evolution since dinosaurs disappeared, with rates of change increasing 2-5 fold. The study identified segmental duplication around breakpoint sites, potentially linked to human diseases like cancer.
Researchers discovered that specific DNA sequences, known as AluYb elements, played a crucial role in human evolution by secretly spawning hyperactive copies. These elements are responsible for the development of genetic disorders such as hemophilia and some cancers.
Researchers at NYU's Center for Comparative Functional Genomics discovered that thousands of genes in the fruit fly genome are regulated by microRNAs, with 70% having a predicted biological function. The study suggests a larger role for microRNAs during evolution and could explain differences between species.
An international team has launched the first detailed physical map of Drosophila buzzatii chromosomes, a species widely used in studies of genome evolution and ecological adaptation. The map was constructed using genomic library and physical mapping techniques, providing insights into the species' evolutionary history.
A recent study using ancient DNA reveals that South American horses diverged from North American caballines around 3 million years ago. The research also suggests that all North American caballines belong to the same species and convergently evolved morphologically.
Scientists have identified temporal bias in gene duplication events within a complex region of human chromosome 2. This 'punctuated' evolution suggests that DNA duplication and rearrangement occurred at an unprecedented scale in the past, followed by quiescence.
The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has selected 13 new targets for a large-scale sequencing program, including mammals and non-mammalian organisms. The program aims to gain insights into the biological processes at work in human health and illness by comparing genomes across species.
A new study reveals that pathogens play a significant role in shaping the evolution of human's most diverse genes, specifically those encoding Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) proteins. High HLA diversity is found to correlate with high pathogen diversity, particularly for certain types of HLA genes.
A new study reveals that the first New World populations were founded by a remarkably small group of approximately 70 individuals, who left their ancestral Asian population around 7,000 to 14,000 years ago. This approach addresses limitations in traditional genetic studies and provides insight into the history of the Americas.
A new software called Notung allows researchers to identify genes that arose recently and understand their role in modern organisms. The tool uses evolutionary scenarios and gene duplications to provide insights into gene evolution and function.
A study comparing human and chimpanzee genomes identified genes involved in sensory perception and spermatogenesis, as well as a strong link between immune defense and positive selection. The authors suggest that an evolutionary arms race may have driven the development of tumor-suppressor and apoptosis genes.
Researchers tracked Alu elements in primate genomes, finding a 20-million-year period of quiescence followed by rapid expansion. The 'stealth driver' model suggests that low-activity Alu elements contribute to human-specific retrotransposition activity.
Researchers used structural biology to compare viral structures, discovering that some viruses share the same protein structure as the immune system. This finding suggests that viral building blocks may have served as precursors for the evolution of the immune system.
Scientists have identified new therapeutic targets to combat filarial nematodes, which cause elephantiasis and other debilitating diseases. The Wolbachia bacterium's heme pathway is a promising target for treatment, as the nematode requires it for developmental hormone synthesis.
The DOE JGI has launched a public online microbial genome data clearinghouse, IMG, to facilitate the analysis and comparison of microbial genomes. The platform offers a comprehensive system for exploring and annotating DOE JGI-sequested genomes, enabling scientists to tap into the diversity of microbial environments.
Researchers discovered a retrovirus in the chimp and gorilla genome that didn't appear in human DNA. The virus, which affected ape species between three to four million years ago, may have driven evolutionary changes in chimps and gorillas.
A recent study published in PLOS Biology has uncovered a retrovirus not found in human genomes but present in African great apes and Old World monkeys. The authors estimate that gorillas and chimps were infected around 3-4 million years ago, while baboons and macaques were infected about 1.5 million years ago.
Researchers found that 21 snake venom toxins originated from proteins in various body tissues, including brain, eye, and liver. This discovery sheds light on the evolution of these potent toxins and their potential use in medical research.
Researchers have discovered that an ancient olfaction protein is shared by many insects, including fruit flies, medflies, and mosquitoes. This finding suggests a high degree of evolutionary conservation of the protein's function in detecting odors, which could be exploited for developing novel pest control methods.
Researchers identify 22 new human-specific genes, including RanBP2, which evolved unique functions through gene duplication and domain acquisition. The study reveals a key role for gene duplication in evolution and sheds light on species specificity.
A team of scientists has published a near-complete genome analysis of rice, revealing a whole-genome duplication event that may have played a role in the origin of grasses. The study provides important insights into the evolution of rice and its possible impact on human history.
A new mathematical model suggests that more genome comparisons are necessary to detect conserved DNA regions, especially for longer stretches. The model estimates that around 50-120 genomes are needed to reduce error rates from 1 in 100 to 1 in 10,000.
Researchers found evidence for meiosis in Giardia, a single-celled protist thought to be a modern representative of an early diverging eukaryotic lineage. The discovery suggests that the earliest eukaryotes diverged after the advent of meiosis, providing new insights into sexual evolution.
Researchers discover a new paternal effect gene in Drosophila that has a relatively recent origin, overturning the theory that genes with vital functions must have been created long ago. The gene's evolution raises questions about why and how it emerged.
The study found nearly no conservation in human and chimpanzee gene-regulating elements, indicating hominids are subject to high mutation accumulation. Population size is believed to exert a powerful influence on molecular evolution, with natural selection likely to develop stronger against unwanted mutations.
Alan Hall's work on Rho and Rac GTPases is crucial for understanding how epithelial tumour cells become metastatic. Svante Pääbo receives the Louis-Jeantet Prize for medicine to study genes involved in human evolution, including FOXP2 related to speech development.
Researchers discovered human brain evolution accelerated due to intense selection favoring complex cognitive abilities. Brain-related genes evolved faster in humans and macaques compared to rats and mice. Many genes, including those controlling brain size and behavior, were impacted by this selective process.