Articles tagged with Genome Evolution
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers found significant clues to the evolutionary origins of the nervous system by studying the genome of a sea sponge, a group considered ancient. The discovery pushes back the origins of genetic components to at or before the first animals.
The opossum genome sequence has provided significant insights into the evolution of the mammalian immune system, revealing similarities with human immune-related genes. The sequence also revealed ancient DNA elements that have been recruited for specific biological activities, such as regulating gene expression.
The gray, short-tailed opossum's genome reveals insights into connections between humans and other species, as well as the evolution of mobile elements. Mobile elements make up about 52% of the opossum genome, with distinct compositional differences compared to primate genomes.
Two Rutgers professors, Hugo Dooner and Paul Falkowski, have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences for their pioneering work in plant genetics and biological oceanography. Their research has significantly advanced our understanding of genome adaptability and the evolution of biogeochemical cycles.
Corals have been found to possess a large and complex genetic repertoire, with estimates suggesting up to 25,000 genes. This discovery has significant implications for understanding the evolution of complex features such as the nervous and immune systems in vertebrates.
A recent study on chimpanzee genetics reveals three distinct groups with considerable genetic variation, which has important implications for conservation efforts. The research team found that the traditional geography-based sorting of chimps into western, central, and eastern populations is supported by significant genetic differences.
Researchers developed a robust time estimation method, resolving discrepancies between paleontological and molecular studies on placental mammal evolution. The revised estimate places the root of placental mammals at 84 million years ago, aligning with fossil records and traditional morphological views.
The draft sequence of the rhesus macaque genome will enable researchers to study disease progression at the genetic level, providing insights into human health and evolution. The findings also reveal unique aspects of the macaque's immune system response and genome organization.
The completed Rhesus macaque DNA sequence has advanced understanding of primate evolution and will enhance medical research in various fields. The analysis revealed examples of duplicated segments, expanded gene families, and individual genes influenced by natural selection.
Researchers analyzed the macaque genome to identify genes that have evolved in humans compared to other primates, finding significant changes in hair and immune system genes. The study also identified genetic variations on the X chromosome, providing insights into human evolution and disease gene identification.
The study provides a comprehensive understanding of the rhesus macaque genome, shedding light on the evolutionary relationship between humans and chimps. The findings also reveal the significance of mobile elements in shaping genomes and their impact on diseases such as HIV/AIDS.
The rhesus macaque genome shows 97.5 percent similarity to both chimpanzees and humans, highlighting genetic differences between primates. Researchers identified 200 genes with evidence of positive selection during evolution, which may contribute to human-specific traits.
A recent study analyzed the elephant shark genome, revealing ancient genes lost during human and teleost fish lineages. The findings suggest that elephant sharks are a valuable model organism for studying vertebrate genome evolution.
Researchers found that mitochondrial genes transfer to the nucleus in clonally reproducing plants and those capable of self-pollination. This contradicts the expectation that such migration is driven by sexual recombination.
A new mathematical model developed by USC College computational biologist Peter Calabrese simulates the evolution of genetic recombination hotspots in the human genome. The model reveals that hotspots are not as fixed as previously thought, but rather vary across populations and can be found in multiple ethnic groups.
Many dinosaurs had small genomes, with a clear dichotomy between theropod and ornithischian lineages. The researchers found that theropod genomes were smaller than expected, with an average of 8.4% repetitive DNA.
Researchers used virtual robots to study the evolution of communication in social organisms, finding that genetically similar individuals and group-level selection drive rapid communication evolution. In contrast, low-relatedness colonies with individual-level selection led to deceptive communication signals and decreased colony perfor...
Researchers found that splice-enhancer domains, which code for specific amino acids, influence protein evolution and are subject to selective pressure. Smaller exons near intron-exon boundaries also evolve more slowly.
The team of scientists deciphered the genome of Trichomonas vaginalis, a single-celled parasite causing trichomoniasis, which affects an estimated 170 million people annually. The large genome contains nearly 26,000 confirmed genes, providing new insights into pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.
Scientists analyzed rafflesia's genome to determine its closest relatives are in the Euphorbiaceae family, with blossoms just a few millimeters in diameter. The plant's massive increase in flower size over millions of years is one of the most significant among living organisms.
The scientists' achievement provides new avenues for diagnosing and treating this sexually transmitted disease, affecting an estimated 170 million people worldwide. The genome contains genes and proteins not found in humans, which can help expand drug options and devise a diagnostic test.
Scientists discovered that the neural processes in sea creatures are far more complex than previously thought, with thousands of genes active at any given time within a single brain cell. This study sheds light on how genes control the generation of specific brain circuitry and enables learning and memory.
Scientists at UCSD and Brown University have developed InvChecker, a software program that accurately detects microinversions in genomes. By comparing DNA sequences of multiple species, the tool reveals shared mutations, providing valuable insights into evolutionary relationships and biological mechanisms.
Researchers found 56% of gene families studied across five species have grown or shrunk, suggesting frequent evolutionary changes. Humans gained 689 genes through gene duplication and lost 86 since diverging from chimps.
Researchers developed an open-source software system called InvChecker to detect microinversions in genomic sequences. Microinversions can provide insights into genetic diversity and evolution. The new approach confirmed the existing phylogenetic tree for 15 mammals, shedding light on species splits and evolutionary relationships.
A new study analyzed 413 complete influenza genomes from New York State, showing genetically distinct viral strains circulate across the state and exchange genes through reassortment. Adaptive evolution in influenza virus is strongly affected by chance events, making predicting future patterns more difficult.
UCLA scientists identified gene networks that correspond to specific brain regions in humans and chimps. The study found significant differences in the cerebral cortex region, where human-specific genes show changes at the DNA level. These findings support the theory that variations in DNA sequence contributed to human evolution.
The sea urchin genome sequencing project reveals a surprising relationship between sea urchins and humans, sharing more genes and biological pathways than previously suspected. The analysis provides novel insights into the structure and function of human genomes.
The completed sea urchin genome reveals an 'extraordinarily complex innate immune system' that could provide new tools against infectious diseases. The genome also holds secrets to understanding aging and chemical threats, with potential implications for human health.
Researchers used comparative genome sequencing technology to study E. coli's evolution over 44 days. Mutations appeared in key genes, enabling faster growth and adapting to environmental conditions.
A study reveals human-specific sequence changes in DNA sequences regulating nerve cell adhesion molecules, leading to the uniquely human features of brain development and function. The researchers identified accelerated evolution of conserved noncoding sequences near genes involved in neuronal cell adhesion.
A complex genetic mechanism determines honey bee gender and maximizes gene transmission to the next generation, allowing breeders to design better mating systems. The csd gene, shared among honey bees, evolved before they became different species.
ASU researchers have identified ancestral genes from solitary predecessors as likely connected to social behavior in honeybees. The study mapped behavior precisely to genome regions using high recombination rates, revealing a conserved pathway of insulin signaling involved in foraging decisions.
Researchers found that three sunflower species arose from hybridization have massive proliferation of genetic elements, contradicting theory for diploid species. This discovery provides insight into the activation and proliferation of transposable elements in plants, particularly under abiotic stress conditions.
Researchers have characterized the genome sequences of nine different lactic acid-producing bacteria, encoding diverse genes for efficient carbon and nitrogen acquisition. This study will increase understanding of their role in industrial food production, leading to optimized production schemes and new bioproducts.
Scientists found that the bacterium Carsonella ruddii has the fewest genes of any cell, with only 182 protein-coding genes in its tiny genome. This discovery provides new insights into bacterial evolution and suggests that some genes may have been transferred to the insect's genome.
A new study reveals that plataspid stinkbug gut symbionts have evolved in tandem with their hosts, sharing unique genetic traits. The symbiotic lifestyle is crucial for the stinkbugs' survival, and its influence on genome evolution has been observed.
The study reveals that plant genomes evolved from a far more dynamic structure than previously believed, with genes being lost, replicated or shifted over time. This challenges the notion of biotechnologists performing 'unnatural acts' when inserting genes into crops.
Researchers have successfully unraveled the first tree genome, that of the poplar, revealing approximately 45,000 genes. This knowledge can help accelerate bio-ethanol production and improve trees' efficiency in processing biomass for paper and energy.
The sequenced genome of Tetrahymena thermophila encodes over 27,000 protein-coding genes and lacks centromeres, shedding light on the single-celled organism's unique biology. The discovery provides a valuable model for studying eukaryotic evolution.
A team of researchers discovered a novel RNA gene in the human genome that is rapidly evolving and plays a crucial role in brain development. The gene is transcribed into RNA in the brain and its changes are associated with schizophrenia and other mental disorders.
A newly discovered gene, HAR1F, has undergone accelerated evolutionary change in humans and is active during critical brain development stages. The gene's role in cerebral cortex development and expansion during human evolution remains speculative but exciting.
University of Utah scientists reverse evolution by reconstructing a 530-million-year-old gene from two modern mouse genes. By combining key portions of Hoxa1 and Hoxb1, they effectively recreated a gene with the function that the original Hox1 performed more than 530 million years ago.
Scientists at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh found that a category of genes known as pseudogenes serve no function, bolstering the theory of evolution. The study contradicts previous claims made by Intelligent Design proponents and suggests that pseudogenes are evolutionary relics with no function.
The study investigates how environmental and evolutionary factors influence genome structure and diversity through the proliferation of genes into multi-gene families. The research reveals that ecological factors play a significant role in shaping organismal complexity.
Researchers have determined the life cycle of operons, small groups of genes with related functions co-transcribed in a single strand of messenger RNA. The findings reveal that operon creation and destruction lead to large changes in gene expression patterns, suggesting adaptation to environmental stresses.
Cross-species DNA sequence comparisons can accurately identify human regulatory DNA sequences when comparing closely related species. The study used a uniform approach to assess the impact of evolutionary distance, finding sensitivity improved by 53-80% and true-positive rates ranging from 53-67%.
A recent study has identified copy number variants in chimpanzees that are comparable to those found in humans, indicating regions of the genome may be inherently unstable in both species. This research provides valuable insights into genetic diversity and adaptations in our nearest relatives.
A recent study by Penn State researchers suggests that a massive whole-genome duplication event in early flowering plants could explain their rapid evolution. The team detected a concentration of duplicated genes, which is evidence of a whole-genome duplication event.
A study on side-blotched lizards found that cooperating males pass on their genes through a trait known as the 'greenbeard,' despite personal costs. The researchers identified three throat colors and behaviors that follow 'rock-paper-scissors' cycles, showcasing how cooperation can be beneficial in evolutionary terms.
Scientists have found that the same DNA sequence is present in both humans and an ancient fish thought to be extinct for millions of years, indicating that mobile DNA elements can be adapted to regulate genes. This discovery suggests that mobile DNA may play a role in evolution's toolbox.
Scientists have developed a statistical method to test for natural selection at the single-gene level, using genomic data. They applied this method to the FRIGIDA (FRI) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and found evidence of natural selection changing the behavior of the plants.
Researchers discovered that fruitfly wing spots evolved through mutations in cis-regulatory elements controlling the yellow gene, demonstrating how evolution uses existing genetic material to create new traits. The study also highlights the importance of pleiotropic genes in evolution.
The study of mouse chromosome 11 provides a clearer picture of how the human genome evolves through rearrangements and DNA repeats. Chromosome 17, rich in disease genes, offers insights into the impact of genome changes on human health.
Researchers discovered a gene mutation in zebrafish that leads to impaired fat and cholesterol absorption, causing lethal effects. The study provides valuable insights into the process of lipid digestion and metabolism, potentially leading to treatment for human diseases.
Researchers found a new mechanism for gene evolution, with antifreeze fish using non-coding DNA to create a functional protein. This discovery challenges conventional thinking on gene origins and may provide insights into the emergence of new functions in living organisms.
Researchers have discovered a 100-kilobase segment of DNA missing from the agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene in gibbons. The ASIP gene plays a role in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, but its deletion may have helped gibbons adapt to arboreal niches. Future studies will examine the physiological effects of this deletion.
Researchers have found that bacteria's minimal genome should be at least twice its size to ensure survival. This discovery was made using a new approach to genome modeling that takes into account an organism's evolutionary history and environment. The findings were published in Nature.
Research reveals that animals rapidly evolve genes controlling their immune system to fight viruses, outpacing most other genes in the process. This highlights the vital role of RNAi mechanisms in antiviral defense and demonstrates the dynamic evolution of host organisms in response to viral strategies.
The National Human Genome Research Institute is implementing a comprehensive strategy to identify structural variations in the human genome and sequence mammalian genomes. The effort aims to build a powerful toolbox for advancing human health by filling gaps in knowledge.