Articles tagged with Human Genomes
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A new computational approach helps researchers understand the relationship between trait differences and variations in the mouse genome, moving closer to understanding human genetic differences. The method also has potential to uncover currently unknown genetic factors contributing to various diseases.
The ENCODE project aims to build a comprehensive 'parts list' of human DNA's sequence-based functional elements, including protein-coding genes and regulatory elements. The initiative will analyze the remaining 99% of the human genome using novel methods and technologies.
The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium has completed the human genome sequence, confirming 19,599 protein-coding genes and identifying 2,188 potential protein-coding genes. The finished sequence covers over 99% of the euchromatic portion with an error rate of 1 base per 100,000 base pairs.
The first draft of the bovine genome sequence has been deposited into free public databases, making it available for researchers to study and analyze. The completed genome will aid in medical breakthroughs, disease management, and nutritional enhancement of beef and dairy products.
Researchers discovered strong evidence for natural selection at eight genes in European-American populations, likely related to environmental conditions. The study found connections between genetic variation and diseases such as diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, kidney disease, and Alzheimer's.
Researchers found over 200 mitochondrial genetic fragments integrated into nuclear genome, potentially disrupting human health. These fragments, known as NUMTs, were more likely to insert themselves within active genes, causing disease.
A team of scientists at Scripps Research Institute has discovered a new genetic component of the mammalian clock, known as Rora. This discovery holds promise for understanding circadian rhythms and their role in health and disease, including conditions like jet lag and sleep disorders.
A recent study published in PLOS Biology compared the genomes of humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans to identify variations in gene copy numbers. The researchers found over 1,000 genes with changes in copy number, with humans showing the highest number of increased copy numbers, particularly in brain-related genes.
The new Center for the Epigenetics of Common Human Disease at Johns Hopkins will develop tools to create comprehensive information about epigenetics and apply it to studying autism and bipolar disorder. Researchers will also examine entire epigenomes of specific groups to hunt for clues to human disease.
Researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine have created an artificial jumping gene that can randomly silence genes in mice, offering a new way to study genetic function and evolution. The discovery has the potential to reveal how genes interact with each other and contribute to human health and disease.
Researchers have identified critical stretches of ultra-conserved DNA sequences in the human genome, found near well-studied genes and involved in regulating transcription. These elements were also conserved across multiple species, including rats, mice, chickens, and even ancient genomes like those of sea squirts and roundworms.
The Max Planck Research Prize recognizes the work of Martin Vingron and Eugene W. Myers in bioinformatics, enabling precise gene expression analysis and tailored therapies. The prize honors international cooperation in this field, providing significant research funding.
Researchers discovered 481 ultra-conserved elements in the human genome, which are long and evolutionarily frozen. These elements are associated with genes, particularly those involved in regulating gene expression through alternative splicing.
The project aims to sequence Drosophila genomes to capture natural variation and develop technology for studying human genomic variation. The data will be publicly released and software developed as part of the grant will be open sourced.
The Proteomics Shared Resource at OHSU enables faster and more precise protein identification, processing up to 180 samples in six hours. The lab's advanced technology, including a robotic arm and mass spectrometer, helps researchers analyze proteins and identify their composition.
Researchers from UC San Diego have generated and analyzed the rat genome, paving the way for comparisons with human and mouse genomes. The study reveals that around 40% of the modern mammalian genome derives from a common ancestor, with the rat data showing similarities to human and mouse genomes.
Researchers have completed a high-quality draft sequence of the laboratory rat genome, which will facilitate studies on cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric disorders, and cancer. The comparison of the rat genome with that of humans and mice will provide insight into biological differences and evolution.
The Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium has completed the genome sequence of the common laboratory brown rat, sharing approximately 825 non-repetitive DNA sequences with humans and mice. The study reveals unique genetic differences between rodents and humans, shedding light on evolutionary processes.
The completed human Chromosome 19 sequence offers significant revelations about the complex interplay between human health and the environment. The sequence contains critical regulatory networks of genes that control DNA damage repair, detoxification, and excreting chemicals foreign to the body.
A human genome-wide RNAi library has been developed by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, enabling companies to identify and validate target genes for new drugs. The library targets over 10,000 human genes with sequence-validated short hairpin RNA molecules.
The completed genome sequence of Cryptosporidium parvum provides new insights into the parasite's genetic makeup and biochemical pathways. This information can be used to develop early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies for humans and animals affected by the parasite.
Scientists have deciphered the genome of Wolbachia pientis wMel, a model bacterium that infects fruit flies. The study reveals the bacterium has accumulated more repetitive DNA than any other intracellular bacteria, with potential applications in developing new treatments for diseases such as dengue fever and lymphatic filariasis.
Gene expression scales closely with initial expression levels, with highly expressed genes showing dynamic changes and lower-expressed genes less variability. A 'rich-travel-more' mechanism governs this proportionality, underlying complex biological networks.
Researchers have created a computational tool to mine genomic data and identify biologically meaningful gene regulatory networks. The tool uses a probabilistic framework that integrates data from various sources, including microarrays, DNA sequences, and protein-protein interactions.
The International HapMap Consortium has outlined its policies for rapidly releasing human genetic variation data to researchers worldwide. The $120 million project aims to create a public resource map of common human genetic patterns, facilitating the discovery of genes associated with diseases and response to medicines.
The BioMEMS 768 Sequencer can sequence the entire human genome in just one year, outpacing its nearest rival by seven times. The machine's new technology also reduces material costs and minimizes DNA sample requirements.
The C. briggsae genome sequence enhances biologists' ability to mine C. elegans for biological insights, revealing new genes and functional elements. The study also highlights the rapid evolution of C. elegans and C. briggsae genomes compared to mammals.
The NHGRI Large-Scale Sequencing Research Network will sequence a strategic set of animal genomes totaling 54 billion base pairs. The centers aim to produce high-quality assembled genome sequences that researchers can use to address human biology and human health.
Researchers at Kansas State University have been chosen to sequence the red flour beetle's genome as part of a multimillion-dollar project. This will enable new experimental approaches and strategies for controlling harmful insects.
Two UCSD scientists, Bing Ren and Xiang-Dong Fu, receive NIH funding to investigate the human genome. Their projects aim to develop new technologies for mapping transcriptional regulatory elements and identifying functional DNA elements.
Stanford Medicine has been awarded a significant grant from the National Human Genome Research Institute. The funding will support research teams in analyzing small portions of the human genome using various techniques.
Bioinformaticians at UCSD have identified 400 'fault zones' in the human genome where gene rearrangements are more likely to occur, potentially leading to life-threatening genetic alterations. These findings challenge the long-held random breakage theory of evolution and may provide new insights into breast cancer and other diseases.
The ENCODE project aims to build a comprehensive 'parts list' of the human genome by identifying and precisely locating all functional elements. Researchers will use high-throughput methods to analyze large-scale DNA target regions, leading to a deeper understanding of human biology and new strategies for preventing and treating disease.
A study at the University of Illinois is investigating the effects of a high-quality animal-based diet versus a mainly plant-based diet on gene expression in dogs. The goal is to identify biomarkers that can predict diabetes and other medical issues in aging overweight dogs and cats.
A comprehensive human protein database has been launched, featuring 3,000 entries on protein roles in health and disease. The database includes protein interactions, disease genes, and other information, making it easier for researchers to connect observations and create new hypotheses.
The award recognizes the vision and leadership of Francis Collins and Ari Patrinos in completing the human DNA sequence. Their collaboration between the Department of Health and Human Services' National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy's Office of Science led to a groundbreaking biotechnology revolution.
Researchers compared genomic regions in 13 vertebrate species, including humans and zebrafish, to identify conserved non-coding sequences with biological roles. The study provides insights into the understanding of our own genome and highlights the importance of sequencing multiple species' genomes.
A team of 71 researchers compared the human genome to 12 vertebrates, including chimpanzees, mice, and rats, to identify conserved genetic regions. These regions are likely to control important functions such as gene expression and can provide clues about how each species evolved.
A study by Duke University Medical Center scientists shows that feeding pregnant mice common nutritional supplements can change the coat color of their offspring and reduce disease susceptibility. The extra nutrients altered gene expression without changing the genes themselves, using a process called DNA methylation.
Innovation in biomedical research is being stifled by pharmaceutical companies' increased risk aversion. Small biotech firms, often spun off from universities, are taking on more risk to develop new drugs.
UT Southwestern researchers have defined sites in human genes most prone to mutation, which could lead to discovery of genetic bases of many human diseases. The study identified distinctive DNA sequence patterns and rules for predicting mutations.
Professor Marchant's research team will analyze how new genomic data can be integrated into existing laws and regulations, as well as identify ethical and policy considerations for using genetic data in environmental decision-making. The goal is to develop criteria for using human genome data in environmental regulation.
Researchers sequenced 99.4% of gene-containing regions on chromosome 7 with high accuracy, revealing duplicated segments that may contribute to genetic diseases. The analysis also identified approximately 1,150 protein-coding genes, shedding light on the genetic basis of human disease.
Researchers found that the Y chromosome contains about 78 genes and has a unique gene repair technique that allows it to preserve critical genes without sexual recombination. This discovery challenges the widely held notion of the Y's 'rotting' nature over the next 5 million years.
A study found that the Y chromosome uses a unique gene conversion mechanism to preserve its genetic integrity, allowing it to maintain functioning genes important for male fertility. The discovery was made possible by high-quality DNA sequences from the Human Genome Project.
Scientists have identified 400 'fragile regions' in the human genome that are more susceptible to genetic rearrangements, which could lead to a better understanding of cancer and other diseases. The study's findings contradict previous theories on genomic breakage, suggesting that these regions are like fault lines in the genome.
Scientists have identified a preference for insertion at the beginning of genes and near actively expressed genes, which may explain why gene therapy patients developed leukemia. The discovery could lead to improved gene therapy techniques that insert genes in less risky areas.
Religious leaders and experts discuss the moral standing of human embryos created from mammalian stem cells, citing concerns over personhood and dignity. They argue that traditional views on fertilization and conception are challenged by the possibility of creating life without gametes.
Researchers have identified Myc binding sites using different experimental approaches in Drosophila and human cells. The findings suggest that Myc regulates a large portion of both the fly and human genome, altering previous views on its activity and interactions.
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome affects 1 in 8 million newborns worldwide and is characterized by accelerated aging. The researchers identified a single-letter misspelling in the LMNA gene as the cause of this disorder.
The national report outlines three basic areas of genomic research, including understanding the relationship between genomics and race/ethnicity. It also emphasizes the importance of addressing ethical, legal, and social implications of genomic research, such as genetic testing and its impact on individuals and society.
The study generates a comprehensive description of human chromosome 7, including medically relevant landmarks and disease-related mutations. The database is publicly accessible, enabling healthcare professionals and researchers to identify specific genes associated with diseases such as autism.
Researchers used a novel technique to identify and precisely locate all predicted C. elegans genes, finding that 56% did not match the actual genes. The success in the worm genome suggests it can be applied to the human genome, bringing scientists closer to an accurate map.
A comprehensive analysis of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron reveals its ability to process nutrients and forge a beneficial alliance with its host, providing new insights into human physiology and potential therapeutic strategies.
Researchers have identified a critical gene called Eed that regulates epigenetic changes, leading to proper genome imprinting. The study's findings hold significance for understanding human disorders such as cancer, birth defects, and mental retardation.
Researchers found significant genomic rearrangements in human and non-human primate DNA, suggesting a new source of variation between species. These findings may provide insights into human health and disease, and could inform targeted investigations of gene expression differences.
Scientists have developed a powerful new technique called phylogenetic shadowing, enabling them to study biological traits unique to the primate family. This allows for better understanding of humans by comparing with apes and monkeys.
Researchers find that coastal ecosystems are fragmented into smaller neighborhoods, with varying species distributions and abundance rates along the coast. The study uses innovative technologies to measure wave forces and track marine organism movement, shedding light on the complex dynamics of ocean ecosystems.
A team of researchers led by Michael R. Brent developed a new computer program to predict genes by analyzing patterns of evolutionary conservation. They identified 1,019 predicted novel mouse genes with high accuracy, including those involved in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and neural development.
Scientists have discovered how the strep bacterium evades destruction by the human immune system, leading to new research on vaccine candidates and therapy interventions. The study found that GAS becomes more resilient to ingestion and killing by PMNs over time or produces factors that alter normal PMN function.