Articles tagged with Human Genomes
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
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Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
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Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
The LINK Applied Genomics Programme accelerated application of genomics knowledge in biomedicine through industry-academia collaboration. Highlights include nerve tissue regeneration, personalized cancer treatment, rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases, and vaccine development against salmonella.
A novel computational model predicts androgen receptor binding sites in the prostate cancer genome. Experimental verification confirms the accuracy of the model, providing new insights into prostate cancer biology.
Researchers analyzed human genome variation in various populations to understand disease susceptibility, reproductive success and genetic disorders. Gene conversion played a critical role in shaping the genetic diversity of the Luteinizing Hormone/Chorionic Gonadotropin Beta cluster, which is associated with pregnancy success.
The Human HapMap project provides a powerful tool for exploring the root causes of common diseases. By mapping genetic variation across the entire genome, researchers can identify genetic contributions to diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease more efficiently.
A global consortium has released a haplotype map, providing valuable information on human genetic variation and its association with diseases. The map reveals complex patterns of inheritance, allowing for more efficient identification of genetic contributors to common diseases.
Scientists have discovered that large structural changes in the genome, called inversions, may account for much of the evolutionary difference between humans and chimpanzees. These inversions also shed light on genetic changes that lead to human diseases.
The NHGRI network will focus on medical sequencing projects targeting dozens of rare single-gene disorders and genes contributing to common diseases like heart failure and diabetes. By analyzing genomic variations in hundreds of individuals, researchers hope to uncover new insights into human health and disease.
The NIH has secured contracts with Deltagen Inc. and Lexicon Genetics Incorporated to provide researchers with extensively characterized lines of knockout mice, featuring disrupted genes. This comprehensive resource will greatly accelerate efforts to explore gene functions in health and disease.
Researchers sequenced over 200 human flu strains, revealing a surprisingly large degree of genetic diversity and dynamic evolution. The study provides insights into why the 2003-04 flu vaccine provided partial protection against that season's flu.
The FANTOM consortium's findings provide a major step towards identifying all protein building blocks, using multiple mechanisms to produce different forms of proteins in mammals. The research also explores the importance of non-coding RNA in development and evolution, revealing why complex organisms evolved beyond simple genes.
Researchers found that large-scale segmental duplications account for 2.7% of the human genome, while single base-pair changes make up only 1.2%. These duplication events have altered gene expression, with some segments implicated in human developmental disorders such as spinal muscular atrophy and Prader-Willi syndrome.
Researchers Dr. Dixie Mager and colleagues identified 37 instances where retroelements were deleted during human-chimpanzee evolution, suggesting an important role for short DNA sequences in genomic deletions. The study also found that non-retroelement sequences underwent significant changes, indicating widespread genomic variation.
The study found that the human and chimp genomes are almost 99% identical in terms of directly comparable DNA sequences. At the protein level, 29% of genes code for the same amino sequences in both species.
The chimpanzee genome's remarkable closeness to the human genome will make it a powerful tool for comparative genetics. The analysis reveals genetic changes that prompted the chimp-human species divergence and provides insight into how evolution has continued since then.
A recent study has mapped the chimpanzee genome onto the human genome sequence, revealing a 2.7% difference in segmental duplications. The researchers found that around a third of duplications are unique to humans, while some segments show 'hyperexpansions' with up to 400 copies in chimpanzees.
Researchers at VisiGen Biotechnologies aim to sequence human genomes in under a day at a cost of $1,000 with new BioNano Technology system. The goal is to enable comprehensive genome analysis and design single-molecule DNA sequencing instruments for disease research.
A new study reveals that the SAR11 microbe's streamlined genome is key to its dominance in oceans, recycling organic carbon and supporting 50% of global photosynthesis. With a compact genetic makeup, SAR11 can survive in low-nutrient environments and efficiently reproduce by consuming dissolved organic matter.
Scientists aim to develop technology enabling sequence of a single piece of DNA, reducing cost from $10M to $1,000 or less. The goal is to cut the cost of whole-genome sequencing to enable individual genome sequencing in routine medical care.
Researchers have identified a protein, heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K), that plays a crucial role in the replication of the Hepatitis B virus. This discovery offers new therapeutic opportunities by targeting human proteins involved in viral replication, providing hope for the treatment of chronic Hepatitis B infections.
Researchers found accelerated chromosomal evolution since dinosaurs disappeared, with rates of change increasing 2-5 fold. The study identified segmental duplication around breakpoint sites, potentially linked to human diseases like cancer.
A team of scientists compared the genomes of eight mammalian species, finding that chromosomes tend to break in the same places as species evolve. This discovery has implications for understanding human disease and cancer, which are often linked to chromosomal translocations.
Researchers discovered that specific DNA sequences, known as AluYb elements, played a crucial role in human evolution by secretly spawning hyperactive copies. These elements are responsible for the development of genetic disorders such as hemophilia and some cancers.
Researchers at NYU's Center for Comparative Functional Genomics discovered that thousands of genes in the fruit fly genome are regulated by microRNAs, with 70% having a predicted biological function. The study suggests a larger role for microRNAs during evolution and could explain differences between species.
Researchers have identified 10,567 active promoters in the human genome using a set of DNA microarrays. This breakthrough may help investigate genetic causes of diseases and inform personalized therapies.
Researchers have identified the regulatory element responsible for Van Buchem disease, a hereditary disorder that causes facial distortions, osteosclerosis, and vision and hearing loss. The discovery provides insight into long-range gene regulation and could lead to new treatments for osteoporosis.
A new study at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has streamlined a method for making large quantities of human papillomavirus, a major human pathogen. The technique allows scientists to culture any of the virus's 100 subtypes and genetically manipulate it, enabling faster development of therapeutic drugs and new vaccines.
The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has selected 13 new targets for a large-scale sequencing program, including mammals and non-mammalian organisms. The program aims to gain insights into the biological processes at work in human health and illness by comparing genomes across species.
A recent study found that homemade gene expression technology is less reliable than commercial microarray platforms. The research, led by OHSU scientist Peter Spencer, used standardized protocols to compare lab-built and commercially produced microarrays, showing improved reproducibility with commercial platforms.
A new human kinase gene repository has been established, featuring a comprehensive collection of protein and non-protein kinases. The repository will facilitate high-throughput assays and structural studies of this crucial gene family, which plays key roles in various cellular processes.
The University of Wisconsin-Madison's Grid Laboratory of Wisconsin (GLOW) is a campus-wide distributed computing environment that harnesses spare processing power from hundreds of individual computers. This allows researchers to sort through massive DNA sequences and power simulations in a fraction of the time previously required. By a...
Researchers tracked Alu elements in primate genomes, finding a 20-million-year period of quiescence followed by rapid expansion. The 'stealth driver' model suggests that low-activity Alu elements contribute to human-specific retrotransposition activity.
Researchers confirm the existence of protein-coding genes on chromosomes 2 and 4, with chromosome 2 home to the longest known gene. The study also identifies the largest 'gene deserts' in the human genome sequence, raising possibilities for studying genome evolution.
Researchers have completed DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4, revealing large gene deserts and remnants of a chimpanzee chromosome merger. The study highlights the importance of these regions in regulating genes and has implications for understanding human genetic variation and disease.
Phytome is a comprehensive database of genetic data on 39 plant species, including rice, wheat, and potatoes. The platform enables researchers to analyze complex questions about gene function and comparison across different species.
Scientists have identified new therapeutic targets to combat filarial nematodes, which cause elephantiasis and other debilitating diseases. The Wolbachia bacterium's heme pathway is a promising target for treatment, as the nematode requires it for developmental hormone synthesis.
Researchers have sequenced the complete DNA sequence of the human X chromosome, confirming 1,098 protein-coding genes. The study found that the X chromosome holds a prominent place in studying human disease, with over 300 diseases mapped to it, including Mendelian disorders like red-green color blindness and hemophilia.
Researchers found unique patterns of gene expression on women's X chromosomes, with 15% of genes escaping inactivation. This variation can affect sex-specific traits and health outcomes, highlighting key differences between male and female genomes.
The X-chromosome is characterized with well-developed disease genes, making it an all-star of chromosome studies. Researchers have shown that the Y chromosome 'dropped off the face of the earth,' containing few important genes, but crucial for sex determination.
The Methuselah Foundation's M Prize has sparked public interest in regenerative biomedicine, with a focus on slowing and reversing aging. Researchers will compete for the most dramatic advances in lifespan extension and aging retardation using interventions initiated in middle age.
The NHGRI has approved a plan to sequence the genomes of 12 new organisms, including marmoset, skate, and disease-carrying insects, to gain insights into human health and disease. The project aims to identify genetic variations associated with common illnesses and develop powerful tools for biomedical research.
A recent study published in PLOS Biology has uncovered a retrovirus not found in human genomes but present in African great apes and Old World monkeys. The authors estimate that gorillas and chimps were infected around 3-4 million years ago, while baboons and macaques were infected about 1.5 million years ago.
Researchers analyzed chromatin structure in human chromosomes and found similar patterns in equivalent regions of the mouse genome, revealing new insights into regulatory functions and potential connections to cancer. This study advances our understanding of how genes are turned on and off, with implications for improving human health.
The study found nearly no conservation in human and chimpanzee gene-regulating elements, indicating hominids are subject to high mutation accumulation. Population size is believed to exert a powerful influence on molecular evolution, with natural selection likely to develop stronger against unwanted mutations.
Researchers highlight the need for accurate measurements of race in health and social science research to address racial health disparities. They propose using direct measurement of underlying social and environmental exposures instead of relying on self-identified racial groups.
A recent study published in the journal Cell has found that over 30% of human genes are controlled by RNA molecules, providing new insights into gene regulation. The researchers used computational methods to identify microRNAs that target specific genes, revealing a vast network of regulatory interactions.
Researchers have identified a previously unknown sequence on the human Y chromosome, containing eight potentially active genes. This discovery suggests that segmental duplications in pericentromeric regions may be underrepresented in current genome sequences.
Scientists discovered that humans have only 30,000 genes, far fewer than expected, and that RNA editing plays a crucial role in protein diversity. A-to-I RNA editing has been linked to various diseases, including ALS, epilepsy, and depression, and may shed light on evolutionary processes.
Scientists at the Vollum Institute have developed a technique to understand gene regulation, uncovering 6,300 regulatory regions that map to distinct sites on the genome. This breakthrough may help unravel the genomic instruction set governing gene expression in different cell types.
The US Department of Energy has fulfilled its commitment to sequence the human genome, publishing data on Chromosome 16. The completed chromosome includes 880 genes linked to various diseases, such as breast and prostate cancer, Crohn's disease, and adult polycystic kidney disease.
The Lilly Endowment is providing Indiana University with a $53 million grant to enhance its life sciences research capabilities. The funds will be focused on metabolomics and cytomics, emerging fields that aim to better understand metabolism and cell function.
Gene deserts, once thought to be 'junk DNA,' play a crucial role in regulating gene activity. Researchers discovered stable desert regions with non-coding regulatory elements and variable regions with limited functionality.
Researchers from UC San Diego analyzed changes in gene orders on chromosomes and compared rearrangements in the chicken genome to those in the human, mouse, and rat genomes. The study found that chickens are closer to humans than previously thought when it comes to genomic architecture.
The analysis of the chicken genome provides new insights into its value as a model for study of developmental disorders and diseases. The genome has about the same number of genes as the human genome, but contains significantly less DNA. Key similarities with humans include genetic sequences related to early development and telomeres.
The sequencing of the chicken genome has provided valuable insights into human genetics, with similarities found between the two genomes that can help understand the function of human genes. The availability of the chicken genome will aid in the breeding of healthier chickens and the design of better veterinary vaccines.
The chicken genome contains approximately 20,000-23,000 genes, less than the human genome's 20,000-25,000 genes. Researchers found that about 60% of chicken genes correspond to similar human genes.
Researchers developed a method to reconstruct ancestral genome sequences by comparing them with modern species' genomes, revealing new insights into mammalian evolution and biology. The technique achieved an accuracy of over 98% in reconstructing the ancestral sequence.
The coelacanth, an ancient fish with unchanged physical features since 360 million years ago, has a sequenced genome that reveals its slow evolution and genetic similarities with land animals. The genome analysis may hold the key to understanding how life transitioned from water to land.
Research reveals that gut microbes suppress fasting-induced adipocyte factor (Fiaf), helping to keep fat cell gates closed. This suppression can lead to increased fat storage and insulin resistance, highlighting the importance of gut microbiota in regulating fat metabolism.
Researchers aim to overcome technical hurdles in new gene sequencing technology that could make genetic medicine possible with rapid, accurate, and low-cost sequencing of single DNA molecules. The method uses Atomic Force Microscopy and cyclodextrin molecules to read the sequence of amino acid code in the human genome.
Arizona State University has been awarded a $1.7 million grant to develop a system that can read DNA sequences up to 1,000 times faster and at a cost of only one-hundredth as much as current methods. The goal is to make genome sequencing more accessible for medical research and healthcare.