Articles tagged with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A new study reveals that HLA B*35-Px molecules cripple killer T cell responses, allowing HIV to progress more rapidly. This finding highlights the importance of inhibitory dendritic cell receptors in HIV-1 vaccine and therapy design.
A new study released on World AIDS Day found that viral failure was twice as likely among patients given Epzicom when compared to those treated with Truvada, especially in those starting therapy with high viral loads. The study also showed a shorter time to virologic failure and adverse events for patients taking Truvada.
Experts are conducting a large-scale study to measure the hearing of people with HIV/AIDS and compare it to those without, aiming to uncover the relationship between the disease and hearing loss. The research, supported by a $1.9 million grant, will also explore potential factors contributing to age-related hearing loss in these patients.
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine have discovered compounds that interact with Nef protein, which plays an essential role in AIDS progression. These compounds also inhibit HIV replication and may slow disease progression.
Researchers used genetic and geographic data to understand why HIV-1 subtypes held steady in west central Africa before erupting as an epidemic in east Africa. The study found that connectivity between population centers and better transportation networks contributed to the rapid spread of the virus.
Canada faces a pressing challenge to address the deteriorating progress towards Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Lancet urges Canada to make significant contributions in five key areas: health system strengthening, climate change, peace through health, Indigenous Health, and establishing a Canadian Health Action Network for Glo...
For the first time, researchers have induced antibodies that neutralize HIV-1 and simultaneously recognize both HIV-1 envelope protein and lipids. The study employed widely used, clinically acceptable, well-tolerated and relatively inexpensive generic antigen-adjuvant constituents.
Researchers at the University of Illinois Chicago are developing an educational comic book to teach AIDS patients about food safety, highlighting risks such as listeria and toxoplasmosis. The study aims to improve awareness and reduce life-threatening infections among AIDS patients.
People living with AIDS are at a higher risk of developing HPV-associated cancers, particularly those with lower CD4 T-cell counts. The study estimates that incidence rates increased across three periods, with the greatest risk observed in invasive anal cancer among men after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
A new study reveals that chimpanzees infected with SIV, the precursor to HIV-1, contract and die from AIDS. Infected females were less likely to give birth, and infants born to infected mothers were unlikely to survive. The virus was transmitted sexually and through mother's milk.
Global health initiatives have improved service delivery, financing, and governance in poorer countries, but with room for improvement. The report highlights the need to strengthen health systems, generate more reliable data, and increase national and global health financing.
A new Stanford University study finds that early antiretroviral treatment can reduce the risk of death or complications in HIV-positive patients with serious AIDS-related conditions. The treatment was shown to improve immune system function and increase survival rates by 50 percent.
The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) has significantly contributed to the scientific understanding of HIV/AIDS through its 25 years of behavioral and biological data. Key findings include identifying unique features of long-term non-progressors, managing HIV treatment, and the link between viral load and progression of HIV disease.
Two new studies published in Annals of Internal Medicine propose an intensive disease management approach to help smokers quit successfully, including repeated or intensive interventions that include pharmacotherapy and counseling. The studies also suggest targeting healthier older patients with colorectal cancer screening and using LD...
Increased schooling across sub-Saharan Africa may lower new HIV infections among younger adults, contradicting previous views of education as an AIDS risk factor. Formal education appears to reduce the risk of HIV infections by up to 34 percent in some countries.
The International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care has submitted recommendations to the Obama administration, emphasizing the need for a proactive approach to strengthen US HIV/AIDS programs and global health initiatives. The organization advocates for scaling up HIV prevention activities in developing countries and promoting evi...
The Lancet emphasizes the importance of a competitive merit-based selection process for the new PEPFAR head. Key qualifications include visionary leadership, global health expertise, and experience in collaboration with various stakeholders.
Researchers find AID causes genetic malfunctions leading to Burkitt's lymphoma and potentially other cancers. The enzyme, responsible for immune system adaptation, also targets a cancer-promoting gene.
A study of 1833 HIV patients found that specific mitochondrial DNA genotypes accelerate AIDS development, while others delay it. This suggests that genetic tests could provide accurate prognoses and guide early treatment initiation.
UC Davis researchers are exploring a new gene therapy approach to cure AIDS by replacing HIV-infected immune cells with HIV-resistant ones. They plan to conduct safety and efficacy trials using a mouse model before moving on to human clinical trials.
Despite progress, 33 million people live with HIV, and 2.7 million new infections occur each year. New treatments and prevention strategies are underway to combat the disease.
The study estimates that more than 330,000 lives were lost to HIV/AIDS in South Africa between 2000 and 2005 due to the delay in implementing antiretroviral treatment. The researchers also found that an estimated 35,000 babies were born with HIV during this period due to the lack of a mother-to-child transmission prophylaxis program.
A recent study found that African-American blogs provide a unique platform for discussing HIV and AIDS, allowing individuals to express themselves freely and anonymously. The researchers identified three key risk factors for the Black community: ineffective leadership, Black cultural practices, and individual behaviors.
A team of scientists found that sooty mangabeys have less immune system activation during SIV infection, explaining why they don't develop AIDS. This difference may hold key to understanding the mechanisms underlying AIDS progression in humans.
The Lancet Series on HIV Prevention calls for confident and unified leadership to overcome barriers to effective HIV prevention. The authors urge investment in operational research, HIV vaccine development, and capacity building for national authorities to deliver universal access.
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology has published a special issue focusing on AIDS and HIV research, featuring reviews on vaccine development, B-cell abnormalities, and viral reservoirs. Key findings also include an increased rate of asthma in HIV-infected children treated with HAART.
A special supplement in the AIDS journal offers concrete recommendations for addressing social and economic issues fueling HIV, including building a diverse group of leaders and integrating treatment programs. The edition outlines actionable goals and calls for accountability to combat the epidemic more efficiently.
A study by Dr. Nicole Bernard of McGill University Health Centre found that specific genes KIR3DL1 and HLA-B*57 provide innate resistance to HIV infection. People carrying these gene versions may be able to destroy infected cells more efficiently, lowering their risk of developing AIDS.
The Einstein-Montefiore Center for AIDS Research has received a $8.5 million grant renewal from the NIH, supporting its growth of AIDS research programs and international collaborations. The center's contributions to HIV/AIDS research and treatment include identifying key areas of study and developing innovative therapies.
Monitoring treatment adherence to AIDS therapy can predict risk of disease progression without blood tests. A simple blood-free method uses pharmacy prescription refill claims to track patient adherence, showing it's a better predictor than CD4 cell counts at 6 and 12 months.
Dr. Fauci outlines the peaks and valleys of HIV/AIDS research, from initial diagnosis challenges to breakthroughs with protease inhibitors and combination therapies. He emphasizes the need for continued research into a cure and prevention through vaccine development.
A study published in The Lancet found that free antiretroviral therapy in Malawi led to a significant reduction in adult mortality, particularly among adults aged 15-59 years. Mortality rates declined by 10% overall, with an even greater drop of 35% observed in areas near the main road where pre-ART mortality was highest.
Researchers have developed a new immunotherapy technique called OPAL therapy that stimulates immunity and controls virus levels in HIV-infected individuals. The treatment involves reinfusing fresh blood cells with overlapping peptides, showing promise in preventing AIDS progression.
Scientists believe that HIV's lack of protection against immune system activation makes it more virulent in humans. Researchers are studying whether artificially disabling this protective function could make SIVs more pathogenic in their natural hosts.
Researchers identified a hybrid gene in Asian monkeys that produces a protein capable of blocking HIV infection. This is the second time a similar TRIM5-CypA gene has been found in different monkey species, indicating convergent evolution.
The AIDS epidemic is stymied by a lack of political will and societal barriers such as gender inequality. Condom use is a cost-effective method for prevention but is resisted by fundamentalist groups. Despite the challenges, researchers are working to raise awareness and promote change.
A research study in Kenya and the US found that an HIV isolate contains mutations making it vulnerable to the immune system. This could lead to effective AIDS vaccines to combat new infections estimated at 2.5 million annually worldwide. The study proposes a vaccine strategy based on envelope protein modifications.
A new HIV estimate for India, based on population-based data from the National Family Health Survey, has been revised downward to 2.5 million people living with HIV/AIDS. This reduction is attributed to a flawed estimation method used previously, which overestimated the burden of HIV in India.
A study by Dr. Groesbeck Parham found that 90% of HIV-infected women presenting for antiretroviral therapy harbor cervical cell abnormalities, increasing the risk of cervical cancer. Access to screening and treatment is crucial to prevent this life-threatening condition in women living with AIDS.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recognizes the contributions of researchers and managers in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Since the first cases of AIDS were reported, NIH has established a comprehensive trans-NIH research effort to understand HIV biology, develop effective therapies, and prevent new infections.
The AMPATH program, a comprehensive approach to HIV/AIDS care, has made an ongoing difference in large numbers of individuals and communities. By addressing medical care, nutritional sufficiency, and economic security, AMPATH has improved the lives of over 52,000 HIV-positive people in western Kenya.
Researchers analyzed long-term cost trends of HAART drugs in Brazil, finding that while costs increased due to rising treatment needs, the country saved $1 billion through price negotiations with pharmaceutical companies. The study highlights the need for increased resources to achieve universal access to AIDS treatment.
A study found that Brazil's strategy of negotiating AIDS drug prices with multinational companies and producing generic drugs locally saved the country approximately $1 billion between 2001 and 2005. However, recent years have seen a significant rise in total AIDS drug costs, driven by increasing treatment numbers and longer life expec...
A new UCLA study reveals that people seeking antiretroviral medications after high-risk sexual encounters are likely to complete the full treatment regimen. The research also shows a strong demand for publicly available post-exposure prophylaxis among high-risk populations in Los Angeles County.
A study published in Medical Care found that people infected with HIV continue to die and suffer from AIDS complications due to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Researchers discovered that patients who had received medical care for other illnesses were often not diagnosed with HIV infections earlier, leading to severe complications.
A new study suggests that HIV/AIDS originated in Africa and traveled to the US through Haiti around 1969. Most US viruses descended from a single common ancestor originating from Haiti. The research used genetic analysis of archived blood samples to pinpoint the virus's entry point, shedding light on its early spread.
Researchers identified genetic variations that significantly contribute to HIV/AIDS progression rates, including CCR5 and CCL3L1 genes. These findings may lead to the development of additional markers for predicting HIV disease course.
AIDS Patient Care and STDs has been selected as one of seven papers presented orally at the NIH Launch of the Council of Science Editors' Global Theme Issue on Poverty and Human Development. The paper explores the importance of human resources for treating HIV/AIDS, highlighting gaps in needs assessment and capacity building.
The journal PLoS Medicine gathered global health experts to identify the single intervention that would have the greatest impact on the health of those living on less than $1 a day. Experts recommend training village health workers, hunger alleviation, and prevention of malaria as key strategies.
A study of 130 middle-aged and older African-American men found that many engaged in high-risk sexual practices without using condoms. The research also showed that men who were single and displayed fewer HIV symptoms were least likely to use condoms during sex, with 78% able to answer questions about HIV and AIDS correctly.
Research finds that HIV-positive employees in France face unemployment and workplace discrimination, particularly women and those with lower education levels. The study, based on a nationally representative sample of 478 participants, highlights the impact of disease severity and discrimination on employment opportunities.
A University of Utah-led study rebuts critics by showing that legalizing physician-assisted suicide did not result in disproportionate deaths among the elderly, poor, women, minorities, or chronically ill. In fact, patients with psychiatric illness were not more likely to die via assisted suicide.
Dr. Anthony S. Fauci has been recognized for his role in developing the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and Project Bioshield, two major U.S. public health programs. He has made significant contributions to understanding AIDS pathogenesis and has advised several administrations on global HIV/AIDS issues.
Research in African monkeys reveals that CD4 T-cell depletion is one part of a complex scenario leading to AIDS. Studies suggest that immune function can be preserved despite significant loss of mucosal CD4 T-cells.
A new UCLA study found that up to one-fourth of HIV-positive patients in Los Angeles reported feeling stigmatized by their healthcare providers, leading to low access to care and delayed treatment. The perception of stigma was linked to higher odds of reporting low access to care, with significant consequences for patient outcomes.
A University of Missouri-Columbia researcher found that AIDS compounds poverty in households, especially when a primary income earner dies. Older women play a crucial role in day-to-day survival through government pensions and are more likely to be affected than infected with HIV/AIDS.
A new UC Irvine study suggests that co-infection of multiple HIV particles may be the key to preventing deadly strains from emerging and triggering the onset of AIDS. By blocking this process, scientists might be able to ward off AIDS, keeping patients healthy despite carrying the virus.
Developing B cells produce the antibody-altering protein AID, which directs and strengthens their response to disease pathogens. This discovery may offer new research directions for understanding autoimmunity and other diseases.
A new study by John R. Talbott finds that the number of infected prostitutes in a country is key to understanding the global spread of AIDS. The study suggests that prostitute communities can act as an engine driving infection rates to unusually high levels in the general population.
Recent studies found a decline in Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence among AIDS patients treated with HAART, associated with increased CD4 cell counts. Additionally, researchers identified the CCRK gene as potentially involved in glioblastoma multiforme development.