Articles tagged with Cations
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers have described the effects of messengers on infrared spectroscopy of protonated water clusters, allowing for better interpretation of spectroscopic data. The study reveals unexpected interactions between messenger molecules and cluster structures, enabling more accurate analysis of molecular vibrations.
Researchers at MIT developed a new electrode material using carbon nanotubes, showing a significant increase in power capacity and stability. The material enables high-power outputs with good conductivity and efficient lithium storage.
Researchers at Northwestern University have developed a new material that permanently traps only the desired radioactive ion, cesium, from a sodium-heavy solution. The synthetic material, made from layers of a gallium, sulfur and antimony compound, sequesters 100% of the cesium ions while ignoring all the sodium ions.
A University of Pennsylvania team has developed a method to transform semiconducting nanowires into various nanoscale materials using ion exchange reactions. This process enables the creation of reconfigurable materials and circuits with precise control over their chemical composition, structure, and morphology.
Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have developed a powerful new sputter process that can deposit high-quality metal films in complex nanoscale patterns. The method, called 'self-sputtering far above the runaway threshold,' uses short high-power pulses to create a dense plasma of metal ions.
A team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has used near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements to study ion-protein interactions. The results support the Law of Matching Water Affinities, a proposed explanation for Hofmeister effects.
Researchers at the University of Illinois have mapped the interior of a key component of the relay system that allows acetylcholine to transmit its message. The muscle nicotinic receptor, a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel, responds to acetylcholine by opening its gate and allowing positively charged ions to flow into the cell.
Researchers at Indiana University have designed an organic molecule that can bind negatively charged ions, including fluorine and chlorine. The molecule's unique structure allows it to selectively grab these ions, making it a promising tool for various applications in biology and medicine.
French researchers applied quantum chemistry to enzyme models and found that lead's electron shield causes toxic effects in the nervous system, kidneys, liver, brain, and blood. The complexation agents used as antidotes may not be lead-specific, removing other important metal cations from the body.
Scientists at Berkeley Lab have developed a technique to capture and hold intermediate compounds in water, similar to how enzymes function. This method involves trapping the compounds inside molecular pyramids, allowing for controlled study of their properties and reactions.
The book provides a comprehensive understanding of the chemical and biological processes occurring in soil, essential for those studying or working in related fields. Readers will find chapters on various topics, including soil organic matter, macronutrients, and redox processes.
Researchers at University of Illinois developed a DNA delivery system using naturally occurring anionic lipids, creating controllable and efficient gene expression. This method could lead to new possibilities in treating hereditary and acquired diseases.
Researchers at Berkeley Lab have discovered a way to transform nanocrystals into other materials with different physical and chemical properties through cation exchange reactions. This process is faster and more reversible than previously thought, opening up new possibilities for the development of nanotechnology.
Researchers developed a novel ion-beam system that neutralizes positive ions using plasma, enabling precise material shaping. The combined beam allows for multiple species of ions to be accelerated and used in various applications, such as producing sound suppressors for jet engines.
Researchers at Northwestern University have discovered a chemical species that defies conventional theory on stability. The pentamethylcyclopentadienyl cation is stable in the solid state and solution, challenging traditional understanding of antiaromaticity. This finding has significant implications for the field of organic chemistry.
Researchers describe how sodium ions control electron hole migration through DNA, potentially initiating damage to genetic coding. The study suggests that water molecules, sodium ions, and DNA backbone work together to regulate electrical charge transport.
Physicists discuss new discoveries in plasmas, including solar eruptions triggered by magnetic flux ropes. Advances in plasmatrons for vehicles reduce pollution emissions, enabling more efficient engine operation.
USC chemists have discovered a new generation of superacids that can break down hydrocarbons into positively charged carbocations. The breakthrough, led by Professor Christopher A. Reed, has potential applications in fuel cell technology and the chemical industry.