Articles tagged with Cations
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
This study demonstrates CsPbBrI2 perovskites with improved optoelectronic performance through secondary grain growth functionalization. The resulting devices exhibit ultra-low energy loss, higher carrier mobility, and record PCEs under various light sources.
The study found that molecular conformation affects charge carrier mobility and broadband emission in 2D organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. The researchers discovered a strong correlation between the gauche defect, local chain distortion of organic cations and in-plane mobility reduction.
Researchers at JAIST have developed a new method to create water-soluble polyimides with high thermoresistance, featuring high transparency and tunable mechanical strength. The biopolyimides were synthesized using bio-based resources and treated with alkaline metal hydroxide to yield water-soluble salts.
Scientists have used neutrons to study the twin structure of halide perovskites, a class of materials crucial for high-efficiency solar cells. The research reveals that crystals grown at room temperature also form twins, providing new insights into their crystallization and growth process.
Scientists create self-assembly of interlocked structures, including linear [3]catenanes, Borromean rings and ring-in-ring complexes, using bithiophenyl groups as building blocks. The new method enables the formation of heterogeneous D-A ring-in-ring complex.
Researchers at Skoltech have designed a photosensitive bismuth complex that can be used as an advanced optically triggered material for memory devices. The device can switch between two quasi-stable electrical states in response to light and electric bias, enabling high-density data recording.
A team at Tohoku University has discovered a new principle for room-temperature superionic conduction, enabling the creation of safer and more energy-dense batteries. By using pseudorotation of transition metal hydride complexes, they achieved lithium ion conductivities of up to 79 mS cm^-1 at room temperature.
A study by Dr. Yuqin Zou and colleagues reveals that hierarchically nanostructured NiO-Co3O4 electrodes with plentiful interface defects exhibit excellent HMF oxidation activity and stability. The researchers demonstrate the positive role of cation vacancies in catalyzing the electro-oxidation process.
Researchers observed the ultrafast proton transfer process following water ionization, creating a hydroxyl radical. The reaction is crucial for nuclear engineering, space travel, and environmental remediation, and its understanding may lead to strategies to suppress radiation damage.
The introduction of small doses of aluminum into the HA lattice enhances biocompatibility, improves matrix properties, and enables application as a coating for implants and high-temperature bioceramics
Researchers at Trinity College Dublin have successfully created a self-assembling material that forms predictable and reproducible 2D networks. This breakthrough has far-reaching implications for various fields, including targeted drug delivery, printing, and electronic applications.
Scientists at LMU Munich have successfully quantified the energy released by thorium-229 nucleus decay, a crucial step towards developing a nuclear clock. The study enables lasers to emit in a wavelength range that can excite the nucleus, paving the way for a new era of precise measurements.
Researchers have made significant advancements in perovskite solar cells by tuning the halide-cation mixture, delaying the collapse of the sol-gel structure and promoting the formation of the desirable α-phase. This leads to improved solar cell performance and stability.
Membrane-less organelles (MLOs) are liquid droplets made from proteins and RNA that facilitate storage and biochemical activity within cells. The study found that MLOs are highly sensitive to the level of divalent cations, with fluctuations in these ions profoundly tuning their liquid properties.
Researchers used computer modeling and laboratory tests to investigate how changing gas flow rates and magnetic field sizes affect Hall thruster performance. They found that maintaining optimal ionization and acceleration regions can prolong the life of these systems, making them suitable for even longer space missions.
Researchers have discovered a 'hidden' phase in metal oxide materials that gives them ferroelectric properties when activated by fast pulses of light. This breakthrough enables the creation of materials with controllable properties that can be turned on and off in trillionths of a second.
Researchers discovered that positive and negative ions in RTILs form neutral pairs or clusters, but emerge as charged particles due to thermal fluctuations, sustaining conductivity. This 'relay race' of charges is similar to crystalline semiconductors, offering potential for new applications in supercapacitors, fuel cells, and batteries.
The University of Delaware team created poly(aryl piperidinium) polymers for hydroxide exchange membranes, achieving record power density and stability. This breakthrough enables the development of more efficient and cost-effective fuel cells for eco-friendly vehicles.
Researchers from University of Freiburg successfully prepared the elusive chromium hexacarbonyl cation, a key compound for basic research and applications. The team used standard laboratory equipment and common solvents to fill the stable compound into bottles as a solution and crystals.
Vibrations of phosphate groups allow for a noninvasive probe of ion geometries in a water environment. Researchers use two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy to map Mg2+ ions in direct contact with PO2- groups, revealing fluctuations of the contact ion pair geometry and embedding water shell.
Researchers have developed a new way of making rechargeable fluoride batteries that work at room temperature, potentially increasing battery lifespans up to eight times longer. The breakthrough uses liquid components and a specially designed electrolyte, allowing for more efficient energy storage and release.
The study reveals that adding water to the electrolyte speeds up the slow reaction of calcium-ion batteries by changing its structure. This discovery could greatly benefit the development of electrolytes for implementing calcium-ion batteries, making them safer, cheaper, and more powerful than existing lithium-ion batteries.
Researchers from Ruhr-Universität Bochum used terahertz spectroscopy to gain new insights into the hydration shell of charged particles. They found that hydration shells with a size between two and 21 water molecules were determined for more than 37 salts, depending on the ion's size and valency.
The study used baker's yeast expressing fluorescent proteins fused with membrane transporters to investigate fungal drug resistance mechanisms. The results showed that the resistance of yeast to antimycotic agents is more complex than previously thought, involving hyperactivation of ABC-transporters and xenobiotic sensors.
A team of scientists has provided a theoretical explanation for how helium can form stable compounds, challenging the element's long-held reputation as unreactive. The research predicts new sets of compounds that might react with helium under pressure, which could lead to the discovery of more helium reserves in the Earth's mantle.
A new approach to making highly-efficient solar cells has been developed using a novel perovskite material. The researchers achieved a power conversion efficiency of 19.10% and demonstrated air-stability in their device, which could lead to more efficient solar energy applications.
Researchers from Kumamoto University developed a new electrodialytic ion transfer enrichment method to improve the sensitivity of analytical systems for various ionic solutes. This method enables fast and efficient detection in low-cost equipment, making it suitable for community health analysis in resource-limited areas.
Scientists at EPFL Valais Wallis discovered that guanidinium can improve perovskite stability, delivering an average power conversion efficiency of 19.2% and stabilizing performance for 1000 hours under continuous light illumination. This breakthrough could lead to the development of more efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.
Researchers have developed an 'ionic analog to the electronic pn-junction solar cell' that harnesses light to generate ionic electricity, with potential applications in desalination and brain-machine interfaces. The technology shows promise for producing electricity to turn brackish water drinkable upon exposure to sunlight.
Researchers at Virginia Commonwealth University have designed solid-state electrolytes that are as conductive as their liquid counterparts while being very stable. This breakthrough could enable the creation of safer and more powerful lithium-ion batteries.
Scientists at Tokyo Tech have synthesized a new material, SrYbInO4, which exhibits high oxide-ion conductivity and is the first example of pure oxide-ion conductors with a CaFe2O4-type structure. The material has a lower activation energy for oxide-ion conductivity compared to CaFe2O4.
Scientists discovered that treating a complex oxide crystal with heat or chemicals creates catalysts with dissimilar behaviors, leading to distinct products. The findings could provide a route to selective conversion of biomass into value-added chemicals.
Scientists at University of Bristol develop new approach to monitor early stages of electrodeposition with nanometer resolution. By detecting subtle changes in water structure, they can track the formation of a metallic nucleus in real time.
Researchers developed a novel localized orbital scaling correction (LOSC) framework to eliminate delocalization errors in density functional theory. The LOSC function achieves size-consistent removal of errors, improving the accuracy of Kohn-Sham calculations, particularly for large systems.
Researchers have elucidated the ultrafast motions and structural characteristics of protons in water under ambient conditions, identifying the Zundel cation as a predominant species. The proton explores all locations between two water molecules within less than 100 fs, losing memory quickly due to strong electric field fluctuations.
Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory and University of California - Irvine have identified a new chemical attribute of plutonium, the +2 oxidation state in a molecular system. This finding expands our knowledge of actinide chemistry and paves the way for further exploration of transuranic molecules.
The new battery uses hydronium ions as charge carriers, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional lithium-based batteries. It has the potential for high-power energy storage and stationary grid storage, making it an attractive option for researchers looking for new alternatives.
Researchers at Caltech used a supercomputer to identify new electrolyte materials that could enhance lithium-ion battery performance. They found polymers with promising properties for lithium-ion conduction, which could lead to more efficient and stable batteries.
Researchers at Vienna University of Technology demonstrated that graphene can transport extremely high currents when impacted by highly charged xenon ions. The material's rapid electronic response allows it to withstand extreme currents without damage, making it a promising candidate for ultra-fast electronics applications.
Scientists at NIFS successfully measure flow reversal of negative ions, revealing U-turn trajectory and beam extraction point. The study's findings improve performance of negative ion sources, essential for future fusion devices.
Researchers at KAUST developed a catalog of compounds formed during methane combustion, revealing surprising findings on ion formation and behavior. The study proposes improvements to simulate ion formation and behavior, with potential applications in more efficient gas turbines and less polluting power plants.
Researchers at Imperial College London have developed a new sensor material that can detect biological signals, including heartbeats and brainwaves, with enhanced sensitivity. The material uses an ambipolar design, allowing for the transport of both electrons and holes, which enables improved signal detection in water-based environments.
Researchers have elucidated the mechanism by which the sensor protein KdpD adjusts potassium uptake in bacteria, employing a dual strategy to monitor both internal and external potassium concentrations. This allows for precise control of intracellular potassium levels, vital for bacterial survival.
Researchers successfully demonstrated pure H- conduction in an oxide for the first time, using oxyhydride solid state cells. The study confirms the capability of oxyhydrides to act as H- solid electrolytes and paves the way for developing electrochemical solid devices based on H- conduction.
Researchers at Ruhr-University Bochum developed a new dry electrode for measuring ion concentrations, overcoming size and cost constraints. The system uses solid electrode material with storage capacity for positively charged ions, providing stable results over a lengthy period.
The study provides a high-resolution readout of the energy levels for cations from their vibrational ground state to excited states, furthering our understanding of the coupled vibrations in the Renner-Teller effect. The results also shed light on the electronic structure of organic molecules.
Scientists at the University of Illinois Chicago have made a significant breakthrough in battery technology by replacing lithium ions with magnesium ions, which can carry twice the positive charge. This development could lead to the creation of high-voltage, high-energy batteries that can outperform existing lithium-ion batteries.
Scientists from Ruhr-University Bochum successfully isolate and analyze the fluorenyl cation, a prototype of antiaromaticity, at extremely low temperatures in water ice. This breakthrough enables standard spectroscopic analysis of antiaromatic compounds for the first time.
A study has found that cation exchange capacity varies by pine bark batch, with differences in particle size distribution being a key factor. Substrate pH had no effect on CEC, while adding sphagnum peat did not increase composite CEC. Growers can improve nutrient retention and pH stability by analyzing their substrates for CEC.
Researchers have found new ways to store massive amounts of energy between layers of 2-D materials called MXenes. This enables the creation of smaller, more efficient batteries with higher energy storage capacities.
A team led by chemist Richard Saykally and theorist David Prendergast has observed contact pairing between guanidinium cations in aqueous solution, governed by water-binding energy. This phenomenon challenges the long-held assumption that like charges repel, suggesting a new understanding of ion interactions in water.
Researchers propose new experimental method to study electronic structure of argon ions using synchrotron radiation and coincidence techniques. This approach offers huge intensity and accurate initial state configuration, leading to potential breakthroughs in ion research.
The NDCX-II accelerator is a compact machine designed to produce powerful pulses of ion beams that can accelerate heavy-ion fusion energy production. Research with NDCX-II aims to advance the acceleration, compression, and focusing of intense ion beams.
Researchers discovered a previously unknown phenomenon in quantum plasmas, enabling positively charged particles to form atom-like structures. This discovery accelerates current conduction, potentially revolutionizing nanotechnology and applications such as micro-chips and semiconductors.
Researchers found that impurities in quantum dots and nanorods lead to poor light emission, but heating them removes impurities, boosting luminescence. This technique enables the synthesis of high-quality nanocrystals for applications like bio-imaging and solar energy.
The cyclic electrowinning/precipitation (CEP) system removes heavy metals from water by increasing their concentration, making it possible for a proven metal-removal technique to take over. The automated CEP system can remove up to 99% of copper, cadmium, and nickel, returning the contaminated water to federally accepted standards.
Researchers at UC Santa Cruz have developed a new material, SLUG-26, that can trap negatively-charged pollutants from water. The material, which has a high capacity for holding onto negative ions, could be used to treat polluted water through an ion exchange process.
University of Illinois researchers used a high-resolution single-molecule study technique to see subtle differences between two branches of neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. They found that changing the position of an amino acid changes its properties, allowing cation-selective channels to regulate excitation.
Researchers have characterized a series of bismuth citrate complexes and modeled the structure of ranitidine bismuth citrate, a medicine used to treat peptic ulcers and gastric reflux disease. The polymeric framework may serve as a 'drug carrier' for delivering other drugs in the human body.
Researchers have observed single ions marching through a tiny carbon nanotube channel, allowing for extremely sensitive detectors or new water-desalination systems. The channels can also study chemical reactions at the single-molecule level.