Articles tagged with Cations
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers have synthesized and analyzed recent global advances in cation disordered rocksalt cathode materials, a promising alternative to today’s dominant lithium ion battery cathodes. The study provides a clear framework for overcoming long standing performance challenges that have so far limited commercial adoption.
A new membrane developed by Rice University selectively filters out lithium from brines, achieving high selectivity and using considerably less energy. The membrane's design can be adapted for other valuable minerals like cobalt and nickel, and its durability makes it suitable for large-scale synthesis.
Researchers developed a novel cation recognition mode that synergizes various recognition modes and utilizes the allosteric effect to recognize cations. The capsule molecule undergoes conformational changes upon anion recognition, enhancing its ability to recognize cations.
A collaboration between Japanese, Korean, and American researchers found that larger cations suppress platinum dissolution compared to smaller cations. The study reveals a 'cation effect' influencing electrode durability.
Researchers at HZDR and TU Dresden developed a method to produce well-defined nanoparticles with controlled composition and structure, enabling the creation of complex materials with integrated functions. The team's innovative approach combined cation exchange with advanced synthetic, experimental, and theoretical methods.
Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory have developed innovative electrolytes that can improve the efficiency of electrochemical processes, including steel production. The new electrolytes are designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by eliminating energy-intensive blast furnaces.
Guan's lab will apply accumulated experience and methods to study SLC6A14, a sodium-coupled epithelial amino acid co-transporter involved in cancer and several chronic diseases. CryoEM will be used to determine the structure of SLC6A14, providing insight into its substrate specificity and inhibitory mechanisms.
Scientists improve stability and bioavailability of mRNA nanocarriers using triphenylphosphonium, leading to increased protein production in tumor tissues. The TPP-based system also shows higher mRNA levels in blood after 30 minutes compared to amine-based micelles.
Researchers designed a novel method using electricity to synthesize methanol from carbon dioxide, increasing efficiency by up to eight times. The process involves cobalt phthalocyanine molecules on carbon nanotubes, with cations enhancing methanol formation.
Scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine have discovered the mechanism of action of the widely-used epilepsy drug perampanel, which targets the AMPA receptor to dampen brain cell excitability. The study provides new insights into the potential applications of perampanel in treating other neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease,...
A team from Osaka University demonstrates greater control of ion passage through a nanopore membrane by applying a voltage to a gate electrode. This leads to a six-fold increase in osmotic energy efficiency and a power density of 15 W/m^2, enabling the potential for scaling up the technology.
The team developed a deep learning AI technique to quantitatively analyze cation mixing using atomic structure images. This approach revealed that introducing metal dopants like aluminum, titanium, and zirconium into the transition metal layer fortified bonds between nickel and oxygen atoms, curbing cation mixing.
A new defect-ordered layered halide perovskite was discovered, shedding light on how order can emerge through defects in hybrid organic–inorganic compounds. The compound's optical bandgap increased with the concentration of ordered defects in the lattice, presenting a new strategy for tuning perovskite properties.
Researchers at Tohoku University created a novel cathode material using an enhanced rock-salt structure, facilitating easier Mg insertion and extraction. The material operates efficiently at just 90°C, reducing the required operating temperature. This breakthrough paves the way for sustainable energy storage solutions.
Researchers develop innovative treatment to alleviate deleterious effects of hyperkalemia, a disease affecting 350 million people worldwide. The new mineral-based therapy uses ion transfer to flush excess potassium from the body, offering a safer alternative to existing treatments.
Scientists have developed a nanoporous magnesium borohydride structure that stores five hydrogen molecules in three-dimensional arrangement, achieving unprecedented high-density hydrogen storage. The material exhibits a capacity of 144 g/L per volume of pores, surpassing traditional methods and offering a promising alternative to large...
Researchers discovered that electron and proton transfer mechanisms during oxygen reduction reactions vary depending on electrolyte cations, enabling improved energy conversion efficiencies. This breakthrough suggests optimizing reaction pathways without using costly electrodes.
Researchers at UNIST have developed a scalable and efficient photoelectrode module for green hydrogen production, overcoming challenges of efficiency, stability, and scalability. The team's innovative approach achieved unprecedented efficiency, durability, and scalability in producing green hydrogen using solar energy.
Scientists at Yokohama National University have created a new type of lithium-ion battery using nickel ions, which can be used in electric vehicles without the need for cobalt. The material overcomes key stability issues by suppressing nickel-ion migration and achieving consistent reversibility.
A team of researchers from the University of Cambridge and Max Planck Institute found that water molecules at the surface of saltwater are organized differently than previously thought. The study's findings suggest a depletion of positively charged ions and negatively charged ions, leading to a reversal of textbook models.
Researchers at IBS achieve real-time observation of molecular ion formation and structural evolution using MeV-UED, unveiling a stable 'dark state' and ring-shaped intermediate ions. This breakthrough advances understanding of ion chemistry and its applications.
A team of researchers developed a hexagonal BaTiO3−xNy oxynitride catalyst with basicity comparable to that of superbases. The substitution of nitride ions and oxygen vacancies into face-sharing Ti2O9 dimer sites increases the electron density, resulting in a highly basic catalyst.
Researchers at Tokyo Institute of Technology have discovered a new strategy to enhance the conductivity and stability of perovskite-type proton conductors, overcoming the 'Norby gap' issue. Donor doping into materials with disordered intrinsic oxygen vacancies enables high proton conduction at intermediate and low temperatures.
Researchers from Chinese Academy of Sciences propose homogenizing strategy to fabricate perovskite films for solar cells. The process increases conversion efficiency to 26.1%, tying the existing record. The method uses an additive to make up for difference in crystallization and phase transition rates, resulting in long-term stability.
Scientists have discovered the open and closed states of the coronavirus E ion channel, which could help develop antiviral drugs to reduce inflammation. The study's findings provide insights into the channel's structure and function, allowing researchers to design molecules that can bind to it and prevent inflammation.
A University at Buffalo-led research team has developed molecules that can transport chloride ions across cell membranes, increasing airway surface liquid and restoring normal mucus clearance in cystic fibrosis cells. The synthetic anion binders offer a new potential treatment for the chronic disease.
Scientists at Argonne National Laboratory discovered a new fluoride electrolyte that can protect lithium metal batteries against performance decline. The electrolyte maintains a robust protective layer on the anode surface for hundreds of cycles, enabling the battery to last longer.
Perovskite photovoltaics are promising for generating solar energy due to their ability to be printed like newspapers and require less material than traditional technologies. However, these materials exhibit instabilities that can cause them to degrade quickly, hindering their commercial viability.
A team at Tohoku University has created a prototype calcium metal rechargeable battery that can handle 500 cycles of charging and discharging. The breakthrough employs a copper sulfide-based cathode and hydride-type electrolyte, demonstrating high stability and performance.
Researchers have developed an electrolyte to improve the efficiency of CO2 conversion into useful hydrocarbons. The study found that controlling the concentration of the electrolyte is crucial in regulating product formation, with too much potassium leading to clogage and reduced selectivity.
A new Bi-containing compound, LaBi1.9Te0.1O4.05Cl, exhibits high chemical and electrical stability and a high oxide-ion conductivity superior to other materials at low temperatures. The unique mechanism underlying the high conductivity is explained by an interstitialcy migration of oxide ions through the lattice and interstitial sites.
The study reveals that the stability of Dion-Jacobson 2D perovskites is determined by the rigidity of organic diammonium cations. This mechanism allows for intercoordination between organic and inorganic components, enabling a stabilized state. The findings may provide guidance for manipulating the stability of DJ 2D perovskites.
A team of researchers has created a mixed magnon state in an organic hybrid perovskite material by harnessing the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya-Interaction. This allows for magnon-magnon coupling, which is crucial for processing and storing quantum computing information. The work expands the number of potential materials for creating hybrid ma...
Researchers reveal thermal instability of halide perovskite solar cells due to surface treatment with large positively charged ions. However, their work also provides a direction for engineers to improve the stability of this technology, potentially leading to more efficient and stable solar technologies.
Researchers at KAUST developed a high-efficiency metal-free battery using ammonium cations as charge carriers, outperforming existing analogues with a record operation voltage of 2.75 volts. This breakthrough provides potential for lowering battery costs and enabling large-scale applications.
Charged porphyrins enable researchers to study π-electronic ion pairs and their interactions, leading to the creation of electronic materials with unique properties. The study reveals fascinating new properties of stacked ion pairs and their potential applications in fields like nanomagnetism and ferroelectrics.
A research team at UFSCar developed a biodegradable slow-release fertilizer using modified nanocellulose, which releases nutrients slowly and in a controlled manner. The material is designed to reduce the release of non-biodegradable chemicals into the ecosystem.
Researchers from the Max Born Institute found that magnesium ions reduce ultrafast fluctuations in water's hydration shell, slowing solvation dynamics. The study reveals a short-range effect of individual ion pairs on dilute aqueous systems.
Scientists defined the structure of a substrate-bound iron enzyme and found it uses cations to drive desaturation during catalysis. The work could lead to the creation of valuable molecules like vinyl isonitriles with antibiotic properties.
Researchers at the University of Freiburg have created a novel deelectronator made from a commercially available chemical, allowing for the production of previously unknown cluster cations. This breakthrough enables the efficient removal of electrons while preserving complex structures.
Researchers from Tokyo University of Science create a metal–organic framework-based magnesium ion conductor showing superionic conductivity at room temperature, overcoming the limitations of magnesium ion-based energy devices. The novel Mg2+ electrolyte exhibits a high conductivity of 10−3 S cm−1, making it suitable for battery applica...
Scientists successfully visualize the atomic structures of stable Eigen/Zundel cations on metal surfaces using qPlus-based AFM, PIMD simulations and DFT calculations. They reveal a new proton transfer mechanism at water-solid interfaces involving the conversion from Eigen to Zundel cations.
Researchers have gained new understanding of solvation, a process that changes water's physical and chemical properties. Strong interactions between ions and water molecules are disrupted by electrostatic interactions, leading to changes in intermolecular energy transfer.
Researchers found that two-dimensional ionic liquids exhibit anomalous stepwise melting processes, leading to high CO2 adsorption capacity and structural robustness. This technology could provide a new method for precise control and functional design of liquids, promising various chemical engineering applications.
Researchers found that maintaining hard water reduces zinc accumulation and oxidative stress in goldfish, mitigating toxic effects. This study provides an eco-friendly approach to address aquatic ecosystem pollution caused by heavy metal contamination.
Researchers aim to improve stability and efficiency of catalytic materials using quantum mechanics-based calculations and computational simulations. The goal is to create more effective catalysts that reduce pollution and energy consumption.
Researchers have developed organic sulfonamides as a flexible and stable material for proton battery cathodes, achieving higher output voltages than conventional cathodes. The new material is also easy to manufacture, stable under standard conditions, and non-toxic.
Researchers have developed a new approach to fabricate ultrathin solar cells using disorder-engineered AgBiS2 nanocrystals, achieving absorption coefficients up to 5-10 times greater than existing materials. This breakthrough enables the creation of high-efficiency, low-cost, and lightweight solar cells.
A new theoretical model of supercapacitors takes into account cation properties to increase electric differential capacitance. The authors believe this will lead to the creation of more powerful energy sources in the future.
Scientists have improved understanding of a key protein that makes the stomach acidic, shedding light on potential applications in drug development. The study found an unusual feature in the protein, which needs to bind to only one potassium ion to trigger its pump mechanism.
A new technique reveals the role of cations in surface chemistry, shedding light on environmental issues like rust and pollution. The study uses surface analysis to understand the initial stages of iron corrosion, which can help monitor carbon dioxide capture, water quality, and infrastructure management.
Researchers at Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology developed a novel method to predict the optimal cation substitutions in lithium-ion batteries using first-principles calculations. The study reveals that nickel can be partially substituted with platinum and palladium to increase battery discharge capacity, while other e...
Research on metal chalcogenide supertetrahedral clusters has explored their composition-structure-property relationships, functionality, and applications. The evolution of MCSCs has led to the development of new frameworks, discretization in superlattices, and site-dependent properties.
Scientists have created mega-crystals with unique properties by mixing different shapes of nanocrystals. These 'Lego materials' form long-range ordered dense lattices called superlattices, which exhibit superfluorescence and can be used for technical applications.
Research team from Shaanxi Normal University investigates the effect of alkaline metal cations on electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction using Fe porphyrins. The results show that adding Na+ and K+ ions significantly improves catalytic activity, with K+ enhancing currents more effectively.
University of Maryland researchers have made surprising discoveries about the behavior of functionalized nanochannels, including the phenomenon of overscreening, where a negatively charged polymer layer can become positively charged due to attraction of positive ions. The team also found that increasing the electric field strength can ...
A team led by Associate Professor Jonathan Boreyko at Virginia Tech has developed a potential solution for frost removal using electrostatics. By creating an electric field, the negatively-charged top of the frost sheet attracts positively charged ions in water, causing frost particles to jump towards and break away from their substrate.
A new study found that women who survived domestic violence are more vulnerable to elder abuse, with 6.4% reporting past experience and significantly poorer psychological wellbeing. This highlights the need for clinical monitoring and ongoing support for survivors as they age.
For the first time, scientists have shown that positively charged iodine (iodonium) can favorably interact with a silver cation, breaking the strong electrostatic repulsion. This unexpected affinity is useful for various applications, including cloud seeding and artificial rain generation.
Scientists have created 2D CaCl crystals that display unexpected metallicity and room-temperature ferromagnetism. These crystals exhibit piezoelectricity-like behavior and have potential applications in transistors and nanotransistor devices.