Articles tagged with Atoms
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers developed a standardized protocol for measuring gas-phase and particulate-phase free radicals in cigarette smoke. The study found that levels of these radicals varied widely across cigarette types, with highly ventilated cigarettes producing lower levels.
Researchers at FAU successfully generate electron packets with lengths of 1.3 femtoseconds, enabling imaging of atomic movements on ultra-short time scales. The method uses laser-controlled acceleration, deceleration, and deflection of electrons, paving the way for ultra-high resolution electron microscopes.
Researchers at UC Davis have discovered new types of cage-like compounds called clathrates that can convert waste heat into electricity. The compounds, which trap an atom inside a larger cage, show promise for improving thermoelectric devices.
Researchers predicted unusual nitrides of hafnium and chromium with high-energy groups, potentially usable as powerful explosives at relatively low pressures. They also discovered a range of new compounds with unique properties, including high hardness and electrical conductivity.
Researchers found that the position of a molecule on a catalytic surface determines the rate of bond breaking. They observed a 100-fold difference in reactivity between bonds aligned along rows and across rows of copper atoms. The discovery could lead to more selective and efficient catalysts.
Scientists at the University of Cambridge have developed a tiny optical cavity, known as a pico-cavity, that focuses light down to single atom scales. This innovation enables real-time observation of atomic movement and opens up new possibilities for studying light-matter interactions.
A team of researchers from Peter Grünberg Institute and Tampere University of Technology used numerical simulations to study the motion of over 500 atoms in liquid bismuth. Their findings show excellent agreement with experimental results, including inelastic x-ray scattering and neutron diffraction data.
Scientists discovered that fluctuations in sulfur availability create atomic chains of molybdenum or tungsten in a two-dimensional alloy, controlling properties like heat transport and electronic behavior. This mechanism can be applied to a wide range of alloys in 2D crystals across the Periodic Table.
Scientists found that the mechanism of splitting disulphide bonds under tensile stress changes depending on bond strength, making it harder to interpret experimental data. Quantum mechanical simulations revealed complex interactions with surrounding water molecules.
Researchers have developed methods to control defects in graphene, which can lead to improved membranes for water desalination and energy storage. Simulations using the Reactive Force Field Method predict interactions between atoms and defects, enabling controlled defect formation.
Physicists watched a silver catalyst at work using an atomic force microscope, calculating energy turnover and optimizing catalysis. The Ullmann reaction was observed at atomic resolution, revealing unusual spatial arrangements of intermediate products.
Researchers at Vienna University of Technology observe how carbon monoxide enables single platinum atoms to move and form clusters, breaking the grip of the magnetite surface. This process has significant implications for chemical catalysis, as it opens up a strategy to turn clusters into single atoms.
The Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission surveys the atmosphere over oceans for the first time, measuring pollutants and climate gases. The DC-8 aircraft will document interactions between air masses, understanding where pollutants originate and how quickly they react chemically.
Researchers at JMU successfully stabilize beryllium in its elemental state, marking a significant step towards developing alternatives to toxic heavy metals. This achievement opens up new possibilities for catalyzing challenging chemical reactions with abundant main group elements.
Researchers at the Swiss Nanoscience Institute and University of Basel measured van der Waals forces between individual atoms for the first time. The forces varied according to distance, with some cases showing values several times larger than calculated.
Researchers at UC Santa Barbara have developed a system that can transfer optical quantum information to locally stored solid-state quantum formats, enabling quantum communication. The team uses rare earth atoms to store superpositions of zero and one used in quantum computation.
A Georgia Institute of Technology researcher proposes a new directional separation technique using metamaterials, cloaking one compound while concentrating another. The technique could help reduce energy required for certain chemical and biomolecular processes.
A team of researchers from Marburg and Karlsruhe has studied the stepwise formation of metal clusters, finding that a transition metal plays a key role in cluster growth. The study provides knowledge for customized optoelectronic and magnetic properties.
Scientists are exploring the formation of novel molecular aggregates at ultra-cold temperatures, where quantum mechanical principles govern interactions between atoms and molecules. By studying synthetic solids created by optical lattices, researchers aim to develop a new theory describing the chemistry of ultra-cold atoms.
Phagraphene, a two-dimensional carbon material, has been predicted to exist through computer simulation. It consists of penta-, hexa- and heptagonal carbon rings and exhibits distorted Dirac cones, allowing electrons to behave like particles without mass. This discovery opens up new possibilities for flexible electronic devices.
Researchers from Italy, Japan and Germany correlated two precise measurements of Avogadro's number to obtain a single value that can be used to redefine the kilogram. The new estimate will help expand international access to precise measurements and pave the way for a more accurate and globally accessible definition.
A team of scientists has discovered five new forms of silica under extreme pressures at room temperature, revealing a four-to-six configuration shift in the deep Earth. The findings provide valuable insights into the transition between different chemical phases under high-pressure conditions.
Researchers observed atoms forming a weak bond on the path to molecule creation, with only a small fraction converting to stable products. The study paves the way for more efficient reactions in industries such as energy generation and crop fertilization.
University of Utah scientists develop computational model to predict catalyst performance, allowing for the design of more efficient and selective catalysts. The model uses big data analysis to identify structural features that correlate with reaction selectivity.
Scientists at UCL have discovered the root of the problem in making blue LEDs by examining gallium nitride's unusual behavior using sophisticated computer simulations. The study reveals that doping with magnesium is necessary to achieve the desired properties, but the complexity of the process was previously unknown.
Researchers have discovered a new mechanism, 'stable energetic embedding', where atoms and molecules become trapped within ice. This discovery has significant environmental, scientific, and defense-related implications.
For the first time, a chemical bond was established between seaborgium and a carbon atom, opening perspectives for detailed investigations of chemical behavior at the end of the periodic table. The study focused on gaseous properties and adsorption to a silicon dioxide surface, comparing with similar compounds of neighboring elements.
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh have discovered a new halogenation enzyme that can selectively replace inert C-H bonds with C-X bonds, enabling the creation of tailored molecules with improved pharmacological profiles. This breakthrough is expected to revolutionize the fields of pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.
Brown University researchers have discovered a boron molecule that forms a hollow cage structure similar to carbon buckyballs. The discovery was made using a combination of experimental and computational methods, and has significant implications for future research on boron clusters and potential applications such as hydrogen storage
Researchers have unveiled a new method for controlling the growth of metal-crystals from single atoms, enabling precise components for nanotechnology. The breakthrough, called Nanocrystallometry, allows for the creation of ultra-precise metal-crystals with potential applications in electronics, sensing, and energy storage.
Researchers create robust connections between carbon-based materials and metallic leads, revealing their electric and mechanical properties are representative of larger materials. The study paves the way for systematically classifying different metallic species for emerging carbon-based electronic devices.
Researchers at the University of Vienna developed a new, atom-economical chemical synthesis for α-arylated Carbonyl derivatives. The method eliminates the need for additional reagents, reducing product contamination and labor-intensive reaction conditions.
Scientists have successfully created a stable two-dimensional electron gas in strontium titanate, allowing for the manipulation of its electronic properties. This breakthrough could lead to the development of novel magnetic effects and superconductivity.
Scientists have created a boron-based material called borophene, which could be stronger and more conductive than graphene. The material is formed from a triangular lattice structure with hexagonal vacancies, similar to the theoretical predictions made earlier.
Scientists at the University of Houston develop technology to etch silicon wafers with atomic precision, overcoming industry challenges and enabling the creation of radically smaller and more powerful integrated circuits. By controlling ion kinetic energy, they can selectively etch materials like silicon and silicon dioxide.
Researchers at UC Davis and Stanford University have identified a key step in assembling hydrogen-generating catalysts, which are based on precisely organized clusters of iron and sulfur atoms. This study reveals how bacteria naturally build these catalysts and could pave the way for more efficient production of clean energy.
Chemists at Scripps Research Institute have found a way to apply the SN2 reaction to a stubborn class of chemicals, enabling the synthesis of promising antimalarial and anticancer compounds that were previously off limits. The new method uses a special acid catalyst and nitrogen-containing molecule to complete stereoinversion reactions.
Theoretical predictions show that controlled noise from an environment can bind repelling atoms together, creating a bound state with exotic properties. This novel mechanism could lead to improved cooling of atomic quantum gases.
Scientists at TUM have synthesized a novel framework structure consisting of boron and silicon, which could serve as an electrode material. The LiBSi2 framework has channels that allow for the storage and release of lithium atoms, making it a promising alternative to pure silicon.
Researchers have taken direct, single-bond-resolved images of individual molecules before and after a complex organic reaction, revealing atomic changes. The technique used is non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy (nc-AFM), allowing for the precise study of molecular structures.
Researchers developed nanostructures made of graphene using a new, controlled approach to chemical reactions. They used atomic force microscopy to track individual carbon atoms and their bonds in real-time.
Researchers at the University of Toronto have recorded atomic motions in real time, revealing a glimpse into the essence of chemistry and biology. The breakthrough, described in a study published in Nature, uses ultra-bright electron sources to capture atomic motions with unprecedented clarity.
Researchers at Rice University have made progress toward creating 2-D boron through theoretical work that suggests the most practical ways to make the material. The team's results indicate that 2-D boron may conduct electricity better than graphene, a key finding in the field of two-dimensional materials.
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have developed a new microscopy method to study wear at the atomic scale. They successfully demonstrated the transfer of material from one surface to another, revealing the mechanisms behind this process. The findings provide crucial insights into improving nanoscale devices and machines.
Scientists have discovered a new type of molecular lever that can accelerate chemical reactions 1000 times faster than other molecules. This breakthrough has the potential to engineer more efficient materials with improved mechanical and thermal properties.
Theoretical physicists at Rice University have predicted the formation of conductive sub-nanometer 'wires' in two-dimensional materials, which could lead to advanced electronics. The discovery was made by investigating atomic-scale properties and topological defects in semiconductors.
Researchers at NYU, Harvard, and Dow Chemical develop a method to enhance colloidal dispersions, creating particles that spontaneously assemble into structures resembling molecules. This enables the design of complex 3-dimensional structures vital for advanced optical materials.
Researchers at UIUC create novel system to examine and measure nanoscale thermal conductance at material interfaces. They use molecular chains with different chemical groups to observe heat flow at the atomic scale.
Scientists have developed a new method to accurately predict electron behavior in atoms and molecules, resolving the N-representability problem. This breakthrough enables more accurate calculations for phenomena such as combustion engine efficiency and atmospheric ozone depletion.
The researchers found that larger ligands produce smaller gold nanoparticles and that each type of ligand produces nanoparticles in a particular array of discrete sizes. This discovery advances the understanding of nanoparticle formation and provides a new tool for controlling the size and characteristics of gold nanoparticles.
Researchers at Vienna University of Technology found a special iron-oxide surface that locks single gold atoms in place, allowing them to study the chemical reactivity of individual atoms. This breakthrough could lead to more efficient catalysts, requiring less precious material.
A new solid state NMR method helps visualize protein shapes, aiding understanding of biological molecules' functions and behaviors.
Scientists used powerful synchrotron spectroscopy and computational modeling to reveal carbon as the mystery atom in nitrogenase, a complex enzyme crucial for life. The research was published online in Science and provides insight into the chemistry of how the cluster behaves, a step toward unraveling its mechanism.
Carbon nanotubes have been found to be reactive when a transition metal atom is present within the nanotube cavity, challenging previous scientific thinking. This discovery has significant implications for the development of new technologies, including gas storage devices and electronic components.
Researchers at the University of Nottingham have pioneered a new method for producing graphene nanoribbons, which could revolutionize electronic devices. The breakthrough allows for the creation of nano-switches, nano-actuators, and nano-transistors with unprecedented physical properties.
A new class of magnetic superhalogens has been discovered, exhibiting unusual stability at a specific size and composition. These clusters can be used to create salts with magnetic and super-oxidizing properties not previously found.
Physicists at Ohio State University have developed a technique to tune the properties of key atoms in computer chips by rearranging tiny defects. This could lead to faster computing speeds and new computing paradigms based on quantum mechanics.
Researchers at the University of Manchester have created fluorographene, a one-molecule-thick material similar to Teflon with chemical inertness and thermal stability. The team hopes to use it in electronics, such as LED devices and ultra-thin tunnel barriers, while retaining mechanical strength.
Researchers have discovered a new chemical method that makes it easier to incorporate fluorine into organic molecules. This process can modulate the uptake of drugs and stabilize them against metabolism by the body, making them more effective. The team developed this method using a soluble palladium catalyst under mild conditions.
University of Delaware physicists have confirmed a new vibrational level for the beryllium dimer, a molecule previously thought to repel atoms. The research, led by Krzysztof Szalewicz and Konrad Patkowski, uses morphing techniques to reconcile experimental and theoretical models.