Articles tagged with Diffusion
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Dead lithium, comprising active and inactive Li components, leads to reduced cycle life in LIBs. Researchers propose design principles to minimize dead lithium formation for higher Coulombic efficiency.
A new study reveals that disease can alter social networks and economic growth for generations, with high diffusion networks promoting growth in low-disease countries but hindering it in high-disease environments. Small initial differences in epidemiological environment can trigger large and persistent differences in network structure,...
A new theoretical framework has broad implications for active surfaces, such as biofilms and mechanisms for pathogen clearance. The researchers developed a model that predicts the transport of molecules inside cells or close to active surfaces.
Researchers found a new mechanism accelerating gas bubble escape from uranium dioxide crystal matrix to the surface, resolving discrepancy between theory and experiment. The discovery sheds light on radiation safety and properties of nuclear fuels.
Using numerical modeling of cough droplets' diffusion produced by coughs, researchers in Italy explore deactivating COVID-19 virus particles via UV-C light. They found that 1 meter of social distancing is not completely safe to avoid virus transmission, while 2 meters can reduce the risk by about 50%.
A UK-based study using diffusion weighted imaging and machine learning successfully classified common types of pediatric brain tumors, enabling faster and more accurate diagnosis. This non-invasive method has the potential to treat childhood brain tumors more efficiently with favorable outcomes.
Scientists have discovered Ba7Nb4MoO20-based materials with high oxygen-ion conductivity, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. These findings pave the way for developing low-cost and scalable renewable energy technologies, such as fuel cells, which could store and produce clean fuel.
Researchers at Texas A&M University have designed a hydrogel membrane with fine-toothed molecular combs that can prevent leakage of small molecules while allowing glucose to freely diffuse in and out. The membrane, made from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), could be used to form biosensors for monitoring sugar levels in diabetics.
The study reveals a tight arrangement between root diffusion barriers and the microbiome, regulating mineral nutrient balance and influencing plant performance. This coordination may contribute to the development of plants better adapted to extreme environmental conditions.
A University of Texas at Arlington study reveals that nationalistic countries emulate each other's COVID-19 policies, favoring national identity over scientific data. The research suggests growing international cooperation among nationalist regimes and leaders, despite geographical distance and varying political systems.
A UNSW study demonstrates all-electrical spin-to-charge conversion without magnetic field, enabling fast detection of spin accumulation in strongly spin-orbit coupled materials. The non-linear method facilitates orders of magnitude faster detection and time-resolved read-out down to 1 nanosecond resolution.
Scientists have created a set of design guidelines to enhance the efficiency of molecular materials in solar cells. By understanding how particles travel through devices, researchers discovered that maximizing exciton diffusion length can improve organic solar cell performance.
Researchers have discovered that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can swell immediately after an injury or stroke, leading to a more efficient clearance of toxic proteins from the brain. This breakthrough could lead to new insights into health and disease, as well as novel treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.
Scientists have found that surface diffusion of proteins is more effective at providing proteins to distal dendritic sites, reducing the need for protein production. By optimizing dendritic radii, neurons can reduce their protein synthesis cost by several orders of magnitude.
New theories have enabled researchers to model unusual dynamics where particle motions are no longer influenced by previous events. The 'memory term' principle allows studying this effect in a broader range of situations, particularly for advanced materials that respond to their environment.
Scientists analyze state-of-the-arts in rational design of hierarchical micro-/mesoporous structures to alleviate diffusion resistance and improve catalyst efficiency. Well-designed hierarchically porous structure ensures rapid diffusion and desorption of products, avoiding deactivation.
A team of researchers offers new explanations for how living systems form ordered patterns through instabilities in un-patterned systems. The study revisits Turing's theory to prove mathematically how instabilities can occur through simple reactions and widely varied environmental conditions.
Researchers have discovered a way for chemical reactions to accelerate Brownian diffusion by sending long-range ripples into the surrounding solvent. This finding challenges the traditional view of molecular motion and chemical reaction being decoupled.
Researchers developed new microscopy approach to directly observe transcription factor proteins sliding along DNA and their binding mechanisms. The study reveals that these proteins frequently miss their target site, employing a 'hopping' mechanism to trade thorough scanning for speed.
A new prototype designed by Iván Herrero reduces sound pressure levels by an average of 20 decibels using Helmholtz resonators. The system increases the safety of launching space rockets by mitigating the impact of intense sounds on structures onboard.
A new MRI technique has been developed to improve the detection of tumors by enhancing the accuracy of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements. The technique uses a phantom designed to assess imaging quality and simulate hindered and restricted diffusion, allowing for more precise tumor differentiation.
Researchers at the University of Bristol have solved a 100-year-old physics problem, enabling accurate predictions of infectious disease transmission. The discovery uses special mathematical functions and a technique called method of images to calculate encounter and transmission probabilities.
A study of over 800 ancient remains reveals the house mouse's global spread from the Middle East to Europe, coinciding with domestic cat arrival. The researchers suggest cats were introduced to control mouse populations and protect food stocks.
Researchers from ITMO University and Czech Academy of Sciences develop nanoantenna to efficiently manipulate light, creating an optical vortex that mixes liquids and reagents. The system uses gold nanoparticles as a stirring 'spoon', amplifying diffusion by hundreds of times while minimizing side effects.
The new method makes it possible to create significantly more accurate fuel models for nuclear power plants. The researchers used atomistic models of the material comprising hundreds of thousands of atoms and supercomputers to calculate their trajectories over hundreds of millions or even billions of integration steps.
Eastern China's air pollution has been a major concern, and new research suggests that future aerosol emission reductions could worsen atmospheric diffusion conditions conducive to extreme haze events. The study found that climate effects induced by aerosol reduction play a leading role in the anticyclone change in eastern China.
Researchers at UMass Amherst have developed a new tool for controlling reactions in microrobots and microreactors, leveraging capillary forces to create self-assembling hanging droplets of aqueous polymer solutions. This technique enables selective transport of chemicals and can be used as encapsulated reaction vessels.
Researchers have developed a new filtered flamelet model for predicting turbulent combustion, reducing uncertainty by using filtered quantities instead of unfiltered ones. The model demonstrates promising performance and agrees well with experimental data, paving the way for further improvement and case tests.
Mathematicians from RUDN University have proved a unique continuation theorem for a one dimensional solution to a fractional order diffusion problem, which can help calculate water movement in porous rock. The results of their work are needed for more accurate analysis and numerical simulation of solutions.
Scientists have observed a phenomenon where chains of atoms move rapidly within the solid material of pure titanium, challenging current understanding of mass transport in metals. This discovery could lead to new insights into the properties and behavior of materials under different conditions.
Researchers at Kazan Federal University and Laboratoire Kastler Brossel are collaborating on a project to study gas diffusion in nanoporous materials. This study aims to measure the effect of gas-wall interactions on diffusion rates and structure analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance.
Researchers at NIST have created an optical system that can measure the flow of extremely small amounts of liquids with high accuracy. The technique relies on a laser interacting with light-sensitive molecules in a liquid flowing through a microchannel, allowing for precise control of flow rates as low as 2 nanoliters per minute.
Researchers have discovered exponential patterns in RNA diffusion rates within cells, displaying the highest possible degree of disorder or entropy. This pattern is linked to small-scale diffusive behaviors and can be compared to thermodynamic behaviors in larger systems.
Researchers developed a model forecasting earthquake hazards in Oklahoma due to fluid injection, highlighting the importance of pore pressure diffusion and poroelastic stresses. The study found that mandatory reduction in injection volumes substantially reduced earthquake probability in western Oklahoma but not central Oklahoma.
A new study reveals significant differences in brain tissue and connectivity between impacted patients and healthy individuals, particularly in the cerebellum. The findings may underlie clinical findings previously reported by the Penn team, suggesting a novel pathway for neurological symptoms.
Scientists at the University of Konstanz have demonstrated how skyrmions can be used for probability-based computing. They successfully developed a material where skyrmions can form and exploited thermal diffusion to create a reshuffler, a crucial component for probabilistic computing.
Bacteria use a hopping motion to move through tight spaces in the human intestine, improving medical and environmental technologies. Researchers at Princeton University developed a new model with improved accuracy, leveraging complex geometry simulations.
Yu-ming Huang and Abhay Thakur have been awarded the Protein Science Best Paper Award for their pioneering work on biomolecular diffusion and protein folding. Their research has shed new light on the importance of diffusional channeling in metabolism, signaling, and other cellular processes.
Researchers have developed a new map of newborn babies' brains that could provide a reference tool for studying typical brain development and neurological disorders. The study used noninvasive MRI scans to reveal complex brain architecture, offering potential biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder at birth.
Oil companies can tap into vast sums of recoverable oil in unconventional reservoirs by adopting new methods that account for the unique physics found at these formations. By focusing on diffusion rather than pressure differences, researchers estimate that recoveries can be increased by two to three times.
The Van Allen Probes mission has identified local acceleration as the main cause of highly energized ions and electrons in the radiation belts, contrary to previous theories that suggested radial diffusion was the primary driver. This discovery is crucial for improving space weather forecasting models.
Researchers at Nagoya University developed a method to analyze concretions using L-shaped cross-plot diagrams, revealing that they grow quickly due to the presence of organic matter. The study found that concretions can preserve well-preserved fossils of soft tissues, which are rarely fossilized under other conditions.
A new open-access software called PyFRAP has been developed to accurately analyze molecular diffusion in living cells. The program takes into account three-dimensional structures and provides reliable results, especially under complicated conditions.
Diffusion concentrates signal in one place, facilitating cell differentiation in Drosophila embryos. The mechanism amplifies the signal from transcription factors, increasing the likelihood of viable embryos.
Researchers from University of Leicester and KU Leuven found that information flow accounts for emergence of small-world networks in complex systems. These structures arise spontaneously in neuronal and social networks, and are characterized by short-cuts and hierarchical organization.
A team of researchers has demonstrated that pure diffusion in a growing tissue is sufficient to explain the formation of a signaling gradient along the leaf proximal-to-distal axis. This finding provides evidence for the viability of the diffusion-based model of morphogen in developmental patterning of multicellular organisms.
New research highlights the importance of diffusion gradients in regulating stem cells and tissue development. The study explores how gas and nutrient concentrations influence stem cell potency, differentiation, and metabolism. It also introduces novel models for understanding diffusion processes in three-dimensional tissue constructs.
Researchers at KAUST have overturned the long-held assumption that DNA molecules move randomly by analyzing their motion using a probabilistic approach. They found that DNA molecules exhibit nonrandom motion with varied speed and molecular 'track', precisely conserving Brownian linear MSD characteristics.
Scientists at Linköping University have directly observed dislocation-pipe diffusion, a phenomenon that has eluded materials scientists for decades. The movement of atoms between layers of a thin film was captured using high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy.
The research team developed a new biosensor platform with a spider web-shaped micro-magnetic pattern, improving detection capability by 20 times compared to existing sensors. The platform uses a magnetic field to control and detect biomolecules, increasing sensitivity and speed.
Researchers used financial math models to accurately predict changes in HIV surface proteins over 30 years. By analyzing structural properties and 'volatility,' they can design vaccines that match the virus's evolving targets.
Researchers observe ultrafast bonding of lithium ions with solvents, challenging existing theory on ion diffusion. The study reveals dynamic restructuring of the solvent shell during ion transport, indicating that electrolytes play an active role in transporting lithium ions.
Researchers developed high-speed computational software 'Parallel STEPS' to model neuronal interactions and functions. The new approach achieved significantly improved performance, enabling faster simulation of complex models and revealing new insights into individual neuron behavior.
The LOH-Theory suggests that amino-acids and primitive organisms arose in semi-liquid water systems saturated with functional organic substances, allowing for exothermal and thermodynamically feasible syntheses. The theory is supported by analyses of available literature and paleontological data on the origins of life on Earth.
A study by Katharina Prochazka and Gero Vogl applied a physics-based approach to analyze language movement in Southern Carinthia, Austria. The research found that interaction with other speakers of the same language is the primary driver of language shift, with village-level demographics playing a crucial role.
Researchers at the University of Illinois created an exact model for diffusion in magnesium alloys, allowing for accurate predictions of impurity atoms' movement. This breakthrough could lead to the development of new lightweight structural metals for automotive and aerospace applications.
New research at Brown University finds that a non-equilibrium phenomenon relies on entropy to emerge, surprising scientists who thought disorder would decrease as systems move away from equilibrium. The study's results have implications for our understanding of entropy and may lead to new practical applications.
Researchers from North Carolina State University have discovered a key flaw in the widely used radioisotope dating technique, which may lead to overestimated ages of geological samples. The technique's accuracy depends on accounting for differential mass diffusion, a process that was previously overlooked.
Researchers at Case Western Reserve University have directly measured the diffusion length of perovskite solar films, showing that electrons can travel long distances without deteriorating. The findings suggest that solar cells could be made thicker without harming their efficiency, potentially leading to better solar panels.
Researchers have shown that weak attraction forces between proteins can greatly impact diffusion in densely concentrated protein molecules, similar to those found in living cells. This phenomenon has significant implications for understanding biological processes and their regulation.