Articles tagged with Graduate Education
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A national survey found that highly religious high school seniors are less likely to drink and drive, use tobacco or marijuana, and more likely to wear seat belts and eat healthy, with these trends holding true over time.
Researchers used electron microscopy to analyze 18th century Staffordshire-style earthenware, finding varying amounts of oxides added for color. The study suggests that cheap knock-offs may have been made and passed off as authentic Staffordshire pottery, highlighting the potential for mass production in the industry.
Researchers suggest Tyrannosaurus rex lacked lips and Triceratops didn't have cheeks, contradicting long-held beliefs. The study's findings have implications for scientists studying these dinosaurs and those recreating them in art and media.
A multi-disciplinary team at CWRU will examine the quality of life for cancer survivors aged 60+, exploring coping mechanisms and support systems. The five-year longitudinal study aims to understand how cancer survivors cope with age-related health issues.
Miniature shock waves can be used to probe complex systems and investigate phenomena at the molecular level. The technique opens up new possibilities for research in chemistry, biology, and medicine.
New research from Ohio State University suggests that workplace teams are not the key factor in determining employee behavior. Basic standards of employment, such as job security and good worker-manager relations, were found to be more important than management control in shaping worker behavior.
A new study led by Ohio State University's Douglas Downey found that school achievement drops with increasing family size, but not among Mormon children. Despite having more siblings, Mormons devote more resources to their children, enabling them to achieve academically.
Researchers at Stanford and Harvard have identified specific brain regions responsible for predicting memory recall. Neural activity in the medial temporal lobe system, particularly the parahippocampal cortex, was found to predict whether a person would later remember a photograph or word.
A three-hour program reduced sexual assault rates by 20% compared to a control group. Women in the program were also less likely to be revictimized at six months follow-up. The program's effectiveness suggests it may help prevent sexual assault.
A study by Ohio State University researchers reveals that low-prejudice people are more critical of weak arguments made by minority group members, while high-prejudice individuals ignore such statements. Low-prejudice individuals notice flaws in arguments from minority groups and are motivated to ensure their responses are not prejudiced.
A new study found that countries with a smaller percentage of Catholics and no state support for the church have higher annulment rates. Annulments have increased since the Second Vatican Council made them easier to get, with the largest rise occurring in the US.
A three-year study in Cameroon reveals that hornbills disperse seeds of nearly a quarter of tropical trees, playing a major role in forest regeneration. The birds' large range and seed dispersal abilities make them vital agents of biodiversity.
A University of Michigan study suggests that post-retirement changes in life satisfaction are common and influenced by the size of a person's social support network. Recently retired individuals with larger networks tend to be more satisfied, while those with smaller networks may experience decreased life satisfaction.
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh found that HIV-1 viral load in semen can fluctuate greatly and does not correspond to viral levels in blood, requiring new testing methods to monitor transmission risk. Testing viral load levels in semen may offer physicians a better way to assess transmission risk and target treatments.
University of Pittsburgh researchers discover that boosting CD8 T cells, also known as killer T cells, can establish long-term immunity against HIV-1. By treating dendritic cells with HIV-1 proteins and interleukin-12, the immune system can be trained to recognize and attack infected cells.
A new study found that nearly half of chronic tension headache sufferers also meet criteria for a mood or anxiety disorder. These disorders often go overlooked in treatment, and patients may not openly discuss them due to stigma. The study highlights the importance of considering mental health when prescribing treatment for chronic pain.
A study of 245 chronic tension headache sufferers found that 66% have headaches nearly every day, and 72% reported missing work due to pain. The research suggests that chronic tension headaches are more debilitating than previously thought, affecting not only physical health but also mental well-being.
A study published in Nature found that people with a genetic defect that reduces nicotine metabolism are less likely to become smokers and smoke fewer cigarettes. The defect is present in 20% of non-smokers, compared to 10% of smokers.
A new study found that stress can lengthen the time dental wounds take to heal by 40% and reduce interleukin-1 production, a crucial cytokine for wound healing. Researchers believe that early supportive therapies may counteract this slowing effect, which occurs in the first few days after injury.
A new study by exercise science researchers at the University at Buffalo found that wearing nasal strips has no effect on breathing during intense exercise. The strips may still be beneficial for individuals with exercise-induced asthma, however.
Scientists successfully used gene therapy to correct deafness in shaker-2 mice by identifying a recessive mutated gene responsible for the condition. The study's findings also revealed that the mutation affects a myosin enzyme involved in inner ear development, which is crucial for hearing.
A new study finds that when remembering words, the brain activates the left side, while unfamiliar faces are processed by the right. However, both sides become active for objects with names.
A new study found that people who eat low-fat lunches compensate by eating more fat or carbohydrates at other meals, leading to similar daily fat and carbohydrate intake levels. The brain's biochemical signals play a major role in food choices, particularly where fat, carbohydrates, and total calories are concerned.
A study of over 1,000 elderly patients found that one in 10 suffered memory loss and concentration issues for three months after major surgery. Cognitive decline was strongly correlated with a person's ability to take care of themselves, with those between 70-80 years old twice as likely to experience long-term mental impairment.
A fortified orange-flavored drink significantly improved nutritional deficiencies in Tanzanian children, leading to increased weight gain and height. The drink supplied essential vitamins and minerals, improving iron status and reducing anemia in many cases.
A University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill study found that children's conceptions of germs and disease are often influenced by television advertisements and media portrayals. The study compared children's and adults' knowledge on the subject, revealing discrepancies between medical facts and participants' understanding.
A new Cornell University study finds that higher taxes on cigarettes will have a statistically insignificant impact on reducing teenage smoking rates. Higher taxes are estimated to reduce the number of new teen-age smokers by less than half a percentage point or two percentage points, respectively.
A recent study found that two out of every three female veterinarians have reported accidental needlestick wounds, with side effects reported in 16.4% of cases. Vaccines were the most commonly injected substances, followed by anesthetics and euthanasia drugs.
A University of Florida study found that women are more competent than men in finding personal items and remembering lists, despite men's greater confidence in their memory abilities. The research suggests that societal expectations and childhood play activities contribute to these differences.
A recent study found that hospitals use various tactics to discourage patients from questioning their bills, including intimidating images and bureaucratic roadblocks. Hospitals may also use friendly communication to downplay the need for formal inquiry, but these efforts are often successful in deterring consumer challenges.
Researchers found Leptospirillum ferrooxidans is a more important contributor to mine pollution than previously thought. The study could provide the mining industry with a new predictive technology to estimate acid mine drainage from a given site.
A USC/Norris study reveals how genistein suppresses the mammalian stress response, preventing cancer growth in cell cultures and animal models. This mechanism may provide insight into soy's anti-cancer effects and its potential as an effective agent.
Researchers at the University of Florida successfully prevented high blood pressure and its damaging effects on the heart and kidneys in laboratory animals. The study used gene therapy to decrease the effectiveness of angiotensin II, a hormone that regulates blood pressure, and showed promising results.
A study by Eric M. Anderman and colleagues found that students who prioritize grades and performance are more likely to cheat, while those using deep-level cognitive strategies are less likely. Additionally, research by Harris Cooper and colleagues shows that homework completed is positively related to achievement in school.
A study by Ohio University found that employers are more likely to hire obese individuals for sedentary jobs, but less likely for high-activity jobs. The study suggests that physical activity is a key factor in hiring decisions, rather than perceptions of attractiveness or weight.
Astronomers Ari Buchalter and David Helfand study 103 galaxies to draw conclusions about the universe's shape. They believe their findings can be confirmed with results from 500 galaxies.
A recent study found that people with advanced degrees are more likely to experience tension headaches, particularly women with graduate school educations. The study surveyed over 13,000 people in Baltimore County, Md., and found that 38.3% met criteria for episodic tension-type headaches (ETTH) in the last year, with rates declining a...
A study of mathematically precocious young children found that boys significantly outperformed girls in math talent, with a gender disparity present from the start. Despite being enrolled in enrichment programs to foster their abilities, math-talented girls failed to catch up with their male counterparts in the first two years of school.
A study of 224 middle-aged and older adults found that avoiding pessimism had a greater impact on well-being, whereas optimistic thinking did not have as large an impact. The study also showed that caregivers were more pessimistic and less optimistic than non-caregivers.
A study by University of Washington professors Virginia Berninger and Robert Abbott found that handwriting instruction, combined with composition practice, significantly improved writing accuracy and quality in first-graders. The research also showed a direct carry-over from handwriting to compositional skills throughout the elementary...
A study found that breast cancer survivors who exercised regularly experienced significant reductions in depression and anxiety, with improved mental health outcomes. The sooner they started exercising after surgery, the greater impact on their mental well-being.
A Penn State study found that holiday cards can bring moderate pleasure and enhance feelings of well-being, even from distant contacts. The researchers discovered that recipients drew meaning from the cards as a way to maintain social ties and derive comfort from the continued existence of social connections.
Researchers at the University of Notre Dame discovered that Factor VII deficient mice embryos developed normally throughout gestation, despite suffering fatal perinatal bleeding after birth. The study suggests a new avenue for exploration of coagulation proteins' role in embryonic development.
A recent study by Ohio State University suggests that stress levels can motivate smokers to think about quitting. Contrary to popular belief, high stress does not discourage smokers but rather heightens their awareness of the health risks associated with smoking.
Research suggests that parental control, when combined with warmth and affection, is essential for Black teens' academic success. Students who reported high levels of family closeness had higher levels of self-esteem and were more likely to believe they had the skills and abilities to do well in school.
A study of genetically normal rats reveals that overfeeding during infancy can lead to changes in basic metabolism and reproductive issues in subsequent generations. The research, led by Elsie Taylor at the University of Washington, shows that even without genetic abnormalities, conditions during development can have lasting consequences.
Researchers from the University of Pittsburgh analyzed blood samples and found no difference in homocysteine levels between men who suffered heart attacks and those who did not. The study suggests that homocysteine may be more closely linked to atherosclerosis or inflammation rather than promoting processes leading to heart disease.
A team of Stanford scholars presents a comprehensive study on the forces that shaped Asia during the Mesozoic era, revealing the dynamic processes that formed mountain ranges and volcanic island arcs. The research provides new insights into the region's geology and its potential for oil and gas reserves.
Researchers studied how garlic works at the molecular level, finding allicin disables dysentery-causing amoebas by blocking enzymes. This discovery supports garlic as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug with potential implications for fighting bacterial resistance and preventing heart disease.
Research at San Francisco State University reveals a strong connection between computer mouse use and increased muscle tension, particularly in the arms, necks, and shoulders. Training sessions and frequent breaks can significantly reduce muscle tension levels.
Young children who received direct instruction and demonstrations showed dramatic improvement in social skills, while those who watched videos worsened over time. The study suggests that teaching positive social skills through live demonstrations is more effective than relying on books and videos.
A new study by Harvard Medical School researchers found that young people with early-onset mental illnesses, such as depression and anxiety disorders, are more likely to have children in their teenage years. The study also suggests that expanding mental health coverage may be an economical step to take.
Researchers developed a training method to improve perception of air flow resistance in asthma patients. The study found that participants had fewer asthma attacks after completing the training, detecting problems earlier and taking medication before an attack occurred.
A new study by Ohio University researchers found that three commonly prescribed antihypertension drugs can enhance a protection mechanism against oxidative stress, which can cause cell damage. The drugs stimulated the production of antioxidant enzymes in most cases, but inhibited it in others.
A study of 250 Ohio University students found that men are more likely to play rock music at high volumes, even if they don't like the genre. The researchers suggest that external pressures, such as peer influence, may be a contributing factor.
A recent study suggests that many people have unrealistic views of the power of hypnosis, with 28% of warned subjects and 44% of non-warned subjects developing false memories. Researchers warn that warnings are only partially effective in preventing pseudomemories.
A study by Ohio University researchers found that oak regeneration is not as promising in areas with high light and low moisture conditions. If oak seedlings are not present in sufficient numbers, mature oaks will be replaced by other tree species, potentially disrupting the ecosystem.
A study by CWRU sociologists found that adults who identify as survivors earlier in their cancer journey tend to have better mental health outcomes. Adopting a survivor mindset can help individuals adopt an active role in the healing process and reduce distress.
Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have identified three genes controlling early heart formation, which may lead to new treatments for congenital and adult heart disease. The study found that the absence of these genes can result in cardiac anomalies, highlighting the potential for targeted therapies.
Researchers have synthesized two protein fragments that effectively immunize mice against lupus. These findings may lead to more focused treatments with fewer side effects.