Articles tagged with Decision Making
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A new study aims to investigate how physicians treat end-stage heart failure patients, focusing on the use of inotropic drugs. The research hopes to provide a framework for selecting care options, including palliation, for older heart failure patients near the end of life.
A European study of over 20,000 deaths in six countries found that end-of-life decisions were common, with administration of drugs to hasten death varying significantly between countries. The study highlights the need for further exploration of end-of-life care practices and attitudes towards physician-assisted death.
A study by Michelle J. Hindin found that younger women in rural areas, with lower education and income, were more likely to justify wife beating. In contrast, urban women from wealthy households or those with shared education were less likely to do so.
A University of Melbourne postdoctoral student will develop computer software agents for Britain's Ministry of Defence to model real human behaviour. The agents will aim to inject life-like behaviour into computer-generated forces, improving training and analysis.
Researchers Jules Berman and Donald Henson developed a classification system for cancer precursors, identifying 568 distinct concepts with over 4700 terms. This database is designed to be fully searchable and linked to other databases, providing a potential breakthrough in early detection and treatment.
The study found that physicians can improve ICU end-of-life conferences by providing emotional support, listening to family members' concerns, and allowing them more time to speak. This leads to increased family satisfaction and reduced conflict during the conference.
The System Assessment Capability (SAC) is an integrated system of computer models and databases that predicts the movement and fate of contaminants through the vadose zone, groundwater, and Columbia River. SAC assesses the impact of contaminants on human health, animals, and the environment, providing a comprehensive understanding of c...
The Management of Knowledge-Intensive Dynamic Systems (MKIDS) program supports research on how information technologies can streamline processes for organizations responding to rapidly changing situations. Researchers are developing tools to design optimal organizational structures, predict failure points, and monitor organizational pe...
A study by Catherine Ortner found that intoxicated individuals may actually make more cautious decisions than sober counterparts in certain situations. The research suggests a complex relationship between alcohol consumption and decision-making processes.
A universal consent form improved the consent rate for invasive procedures in ICU patients from 53% to 90.5%. This allowed patients and families to make more decisions and enabled healthcare providers to be more responsive to their wishes.
Research by Kansas State University psychology professor maps choice-making in the brain, revealing two systems: deliberative and emotional. The study demonstrates the relationship between brain activity and observed choices, with surprising results on how the brain processes risk and ambiguity.
A Bayer BP team introduced six decision points to help determine whether to continue developing a new drug for dissolving blood clots. The process has improved forecasting technical and market risks, allowing for more informed decisions.
A new monsoon forecasting method developed by Professor Peter Webster could guide farmers in choosing optimal planting times and making informed decisions about water management. This technique, applicable to any monsoon region, has the potential to create a significant increase in crop yields without relying on pesticides or fertilizers.
A study led by Dr Andrea Litva found that both health professionals and lay people do not currently support direct public involvement in clinical governance. The research suggests that creating a culture shift among lay people will require time and support from primary care trusts to involve the public effectively.
A recent study by Ohio State University reveals that chronic self-doubters are more prone to anxiety, depression, and procrastination. They tend to lack confidence in their decision-making abilities, leading to a vicious cycle of self-doubt.
New Ohio State University research suggests district court judges tend to follow appellate judges' decisions on labor law cases. The study found that district judges are less likely to write signed majority opinions and dissents, indicating they often go along with the decisions rather than taking initiative.
A study by Aysan Sev'er explores the experiences of 39 women who escaped abusive relationships, revealing key findings about resilience, support networks, and the importance of self-respect. The book provides a model for coping strategies that can help survivors rebuild their lives.
A study by Texas A&M University found that even small amounts of alcohol can impair driving skills and increase the risk of accidents. Drivers with a blood alcohol concentration as low as .04 (half the legal limit) showed significant impairment in their abilities, highlighting the dangers of drinking and driving.
The Association of American Medical Colleges and colleagues argue that attaining greater diversity in the health care workforce is crucial for advancing cultural competency among providers. Addressing disparities in primary, secondary, and undergraduate education can help increase access to high-quality health services for minorities.
The American Sociological Association's President emphasizes the need to study mechanisms driving social inequalities in the workplace. Researchers should focus on organizational and societal-level factors, such as design of work and promotions, to understand how ascriptive characteristics affect inequality.
Research suggests that altruism, not panic, drives human behavior during disasters. In emergency situations, people prioritize helping others over self-preservation. Clarke's study highlights the importance of community expectations and trust in authorities to guide behavior during crises.
A study by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences found that young tech CEOs are more likely to invest in research and development, while older attorneys tend to be more conservative. The study suggests that CEO characteristics, such as background and tenure, have a significant impact on R&D spending.
Researchers aim to develop autonomous intelligent network and systems that can perform coordinated actions without human intervention. The goal is to create a 'commander' giving broad operational orders, while agents work together to overcome complex challenges, such as distributed signal processing and wireless communication.
The new tool helps decision makers utilize long-range forecasts by explaining and evaluating their performance. It allows users to customize evaluations based on lead-times, seasons, and locations relevant to their specific needs.
A new study found that error encouragement training improves performance for individuals with higher intelligence, openness to experience, and conscientiousness. In contrast, those with lower abilities benefit from error-avoidance training, which leads to higher self-confidence and better performance.
A University of Florida study found a significant generation gap in beliefs about the right to die, with grandparents more likely to believe in individual choice and family members' autonomy. Women were also more likely to support family members' decisions, while strong religious views were less supportive.
A University of Michigan study found that brains detect wins and losses within a third of a second, triggering subsequent decision-making. The research suggests that losses loom larger than gains in the brain's neural activity, influencing future choices.
A study found that surgeons rarely offer women a choice between mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery, despite medical appropriateness. Women's perceptions of receiving a choice differ significantly from surgeons' perceptions, with female surgeons focusing on security and male surgeons prioritizing femininity.
The study found that physician judgment had a sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 26% for the Ottawa rules, and 80% and 59% for the Leiden rule. With structured data collection, physicians' judgment was similar to existing ankle rules in terms of sensitivity and ability to safely reduce radiographic examinations.
A study found that patients who received qualitative descriptions of drug side-effects overestimated their risk, while those with quantitative descriptions made more accurate assessments. The results suggest that the EU's use of qualitative descriptions for risk bands may lead to poor decision-making among patients.
A standard decision-making framework is being developed to formalise regulatory bodies' assessment of safety cases, reducing subjective judgements. Deconstruction, a technique from French philosopher Derrida, will be used to find meanings in texts that authors did not intend, improving the accuracy of decisions.
A study published by Dr. Dean Shibata found that people's brains use both rational and emotional parts when making personal decisions. When asked to choose between options, the ventromedial frontal lobe showed increased activity in the brain.
Researchers found that people are more willing to take risks when confident in their knowledge and less likely to do so when unsure. This discovery has significant implications for various decision-making processes.
The AAAS jobs survey shows a 7% increase in median salaries for U.S. life scientists between May 2000 and May 2001, with real average weekly earnings outperforming raises for many other jobs. However, women earn nearly one-third less than men, with significant gaps in non-academic settings.
The Cornell Institute for Research on Children (CIRC) aims to bridge the gap between scientists and decision-makers. CIRC will conduct multidisciplinary research on policy-relevant questions related to children, informing better-informed decisions.
Researchers at Dartmouth/VA reveal that operative mortality for major surgery varies significantly by procedure and patient age. Elderly patients face two- to four-fold higher mortality risks than younger patients, highlighting the need for more realistic estimates in decision-making.
Researchers examine dam removal's effects on rivers, considering ecological, engineering, social and legal perspectives. The symposium explores how dam removal affects nutrient flow, habitat, and flood patterns, highlighting the need for better restoration strategies.
Researchers develop AI-powered system to provide real-time characterization of ice buildup on wings, enhancing pilot decision-making and aircraft stability. The smart ice-management system aims to improve safety for pilots flying in severe icing conditions.
Researchers at UCSF have identified a fundamental decision-making unit in cells that integrates multiple signals to initiate cell movement. This protein, N-WASP, relies on cooperative action between two signal molecules to trigger actin polymerization and drive cell movement.
The Knowledge Wall is an ONR-funded concept using commercial technology to display relevant data on a single wall. It was installed onboard the USS CORONADO, addressing issues faced by naval decision-makers.
A study suggests that people are more likely to vote if they actively dislike a presidential candidate, but only if there is a preferred candidate to support. The research, based on nationwide survey data from 1972 to 1988, found that voters form impressions about candidates similarly to those in other areas of life.
Canadian physicians consider whether adolescents should be allowed to make health care decisions, citing the concept of proportionality and competency. Most adolescents are deemed capable of making competent health care decisions, warranting respect for their autonomy.
A study by Cornell University researchers found that auditors tend to make more objective decisions than salespeople due to their legal liability. However, when salespeople are held accountable for their decisions, their bias is reduced. The study suggests that making decisions based on facts rather than personal biases can lead to bet...
Oregon Health & Science University researchers will study why patients choose to die at home, exploring factors like decision-making process and patient pain concerns. The study aims to enhance understanding of the factors affecting end-of-life care delivery.
A study found that auditors and salespersons distort information to support their preferred decisions, with auditors showing less distortion than salespersons. Holding professionals accountable lowered distortion for salespersons, but not for auditors.
Researchers at the University of Illinois are developing interactive, three-dimensional displays to visualize the complex data associated with the power system network. These tools aim to facilitate informed, fast decision-making in electricity markets, where congestion can affect thousands of elements and power transfers.
Researchers found that two-thirds of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions were given to patients with negative throat cultures. Inaccurate diagnoses and lack of immediate diagnostic tools contribute to the problem. Experts blame current diagnostic methods and advocate for improved solutions.
A study using cognitive task analysis aims to develop more effective computer systems in healthcare by understanding human decision-making processes. The analysis focuses on skills, strategies, and problems of physicians dealing with complex decision situations.
Research suggests that expert physicians use data-driven heuristics for routine problems, while hypothesis-driven strategies are employed for complex cases. These strategies are error-prone, with serious consequences for inadequate knowledge, and hinder efficient decision making.
The article highlights the need for synergy between the Internet and evidence-based decision-making in healthcare, citing examples like the Cochrane Collaboration. The authors argue that technological advancements will enable multisensory modes of communication and ubiquitous computing, revolutionizing health initiatives.
A Yale study reveals that postmenopausal women's ovaries are often removed during hysterectomy due to geographical location and surgeon experience, sparking concerns about informed consent. The research highlights significant variation in oophorectomy rates across different areas of the state and among surgeons with varying caseloads.
A study of 292 breast cancer survivors found that involvement in decision-making about follow-up tests improved physical and emotional health, but did not affect post-cancer survival rates. Leading cancer experts recommend mammography and clinical breast exams instead.
A new study forecasts movie performance for domestic and international markets using a Bayesian model that examines information like star quality, past film performance, and screen numbers. The model provides accurate updates as sales figures come in to help plan better marketing activities.
The study found that African-American and white patients rated their same-race physician visits as more participatory, while patients of female physicians also reported higher levels of involvement. Better health outcomes can be achieved through increased minority physicians and cross-cultural communication training.
Researchers found that Japanese students used an intuitive process to make decisions, while Americans relied on 'number-crunching' and careful information processing. The study suggests that cultural differences play a significant role in influencing how people make decisions, with implications for global business.
Researchers have developed a new approach to solve multi-objective groundwater remediation problems, allowing decision-makers to weigh conflicting objectives like risk and cost. The Niched Pareto procedure will enable the creation of tradeoff curves to guide decision-making towards optimal solutions.
Researchers at Ohio State University found that intervention and participation techniques led to successful decisions 90% of the time, but were used in only 13% and 16% of cases respectively. Meanwhile, managers relied on less effective tactics like issuing edicts, which was used in nearly 40% of cases.
Research shows that patient choice significantly impacts surgical rates, with significant variation among geographic units. Shared decision-making strategies can reduce demand for discretionary care by up to 40%, according to studies.
A study by Ohio State University researcher Paul Nutt found that business decisions often fail, with about half resulting in no implementation and 50% being partially used. Managers can improve decision-making by involving those affected and using effective tactics.
Researchers found that younger medical professionals advocated greater patient input for 75-year-olds compared to 25-year-olds. Meanwhile, older faculty members suggested more autonomy for 25-year-old patients, despite the fact that younger patients often want less decision-making authority.