Articles tagged with Punishment
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Researchers discover that visible prosocial punishment, where individuals can punish those who don't cooperate, is key to promoting large-scale cooperation. The study suggests that the perception of punishment, not just its implementation, is essential for sustaining cooperative interactions.
A new study by NYU researchers shows that children as young as three years old are willing to punish others' bad behavior, even if it costs them personally. The study found that rates of punishment increased with age and were influenced by factors such as group membership and authority.
A national study led by University of Washington professor Alexes Harris reveals the disproportionate impact of court-imposed fines and fees on low-income individuals and people of color. The study highlights how private companies profit from a captive population while government agencies direct them.
The study found that participants are more confident when trying to win money, but this confidence rapidly evolves into over-confidence. In contrast, learning in a loss context mitigates these errors of judgment. The fear of losing money makes individuals more flexible and accurate in their decision-making.
Actuarial risk assessments can reduce inconsistencies, but also reproduce class-based and race-based inequalities. The use of proprietary algorithms raises questions of transparency and fairness.
A large study of 36,000 adults found that harsh physical punishment and maltreatment in childhood were associated with increased risk of antisocial behavior. The authors suggest eliminating these practices as a public health priority to reduce adult antisocial behavior.
A new longitudinal study found that prisoners with greater exposure to formal sanctions were more likely to re-offend within three years of release. This is because formal sanctions reduce social freedoms and access to prosocial opportunities, leading to an increased likelihood of reincarceration.
A study found that calls to a child abuse hotline for elementary school children increased on Saturdays when report cards were released on Fridays. The analysis included 1,943 verified cases of physical abuse, highlighting the need for further study to understand this correlation.
Scientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory found that brain cells in mice associate sounds with emotions through experience and learning. The amygdala, a key brain region, shows specific patterns of neuron activity when animals are trained to fear or anticipate rewards.
A new University of Michigan study suggests that spanking may be more harmful for children in developing countries than previously thought. The research, which analyzed data from 62 countries, found a link between physical discipline and lower social development among young children.
A cross-national analysis of over 400,000 adolescents in 88 countries reveals that complete bans on corporal punishment are associated with reduced physical fighting among young people. The study found a 42% decrease in female youth violence and a 31% reduction in male youth violence compared to countries without such bans.
International study finds full bans on corporal punishment at home and school reduce physical fighting among young people by 42-69%. Partial bans show little impact, while no bans are associated with higher rates of youth violence.
The research examines prison conditions, incarceration rates, and penal policy processes since the USSR's demise. It investigates social attitudes towards punishment, shaping cultural perceptions of history and political power.
A recent study published in Psychological Science found that cooperative individuals are more likely to face social punishment in competitive environments, even if it harms the entire group. In egalitarian societies, this dynamic has prevented dominant individuals from dominating the group.
A new study reveals that black children are more likely to be suspended or expelled from elementary school due to factors such as school characteristics rather than behavior problems. The researchers found that about 40% of African-American boys were suspended or expelled, compared to 8% of white boys or from other ethnic groups.
A new study surveyed 330 UK micro-business owners, finding that internalised motivation (fair fiscal system) and extrinsic motivation (severe penalties) predict self-reported tax compliance. Internalised motivation but not extrinsic motivation predicts tax compliance when considered together.
A Chapman University study reveals men are more likely to punish others to advance their interests. The research found that men will impose greater costs on others and destroy groups to rise in the hierarchy.
The Black Lives Matter movement argues that capital punishment is a racist practice that devalues Black Lives. Research shows that Black Americans are disproportionately impacted by the death penalty, with specific racial biases affecting jury perceptions and decisions.
The study found that participants were more willing to punish a wrongdoer when they experienced injustice directly, associating with brain activity in the ventral striatum. Participants receiving oxytocin chose less intense punishments, suggesting the hormone's role in maintaining fairness.
A social dilemma experiment found that punishment is ineffective in promoting cooperation among players, with players instead replacing defection with punishment. The study suggests that punishment has a demoralizing effect and reduces the incentive to choose cooperation over competition.
Researchers found that adults who experienced high stress in childhood have difficulty attending to cues that indicate a potential loss or punishment, leading to poor decision-making. This biological response may be linked to an underactive brain region responsible for processing risk and reward.
Researchers identified a specific network in the brain tied to risk assessment, which can lead to anxiety or impulsivity. The study found that when there was no risk of punishment, coordination between dopamine neurons and prefrontal cortex activity was high.
A study analyzing over 100,000 individuals sentenced for felonies in Michigan found that those with a history of imprisonment were 20 percentage points more likely to be re-incarcerated than those on probation. Intense parole supervision may contribute to increased incarceration rates among parolees.
Research suggests that physical abuse and punishment negatively impact children's academic performance, with harsh corporal punishment increasing peer isolation. Parent education on alternative forms of punishment may be a solution to prevent physical abuse and promote children's cognitive development.
A more diverse school board can lead to more equitable school punishment among students of different races, according to a new study. The researchers found that schools with larger minority populations tend to suspend more black and Hispanic students, while white students in these schools are less likely to be suspended.
A UC study analyzed newspaper accounts of executions from 1800 to 1965, finding that condemned prisoners often wore formal attire, including suits, shaven faces, and adorned clothing. This choice reflected a desire for dignity and respectability in their final moments, as well as resistance against the state's authority.
Research at the University of Missouri found that severe discipline on infants can lead to increased aggressive and delinquent behaviors in the fifth grade. In contrast, good self-regulation predicts better behavioral outcomes in both African-American and European-American children.
New Penn State research reveals that Southern natives and average education level are key predictors of school corporal punishment use. The study found a correlation between parental corporal punishment and SCP, highlighting the potential negative impacts on children's social and behavioral well-being.
Researcher Andreas Eder found that punishment alone does not suppress undesirable behavior but can even facilitate it. The brain uses behavioral consequences to trigger actions more easily, even if the consequences are disagreeable. Providing clear feedback for desired behavior is crucial in educational practices.
Research finds belief in free will predicts support for harsh criminal punishment and disapproval of unethical behavior in countries with honest governance. In contrast, in countries with weak governance or corruption, free will beliefs have no effect on attitudes toward unethical behavior.
When anonymity is lifted, cooperation increases significantly due to mutual understanding. Participants who knew each other were more likely to cooperate rather than engage in retaliatory sentiments or punishment.
A recent study by Sam Houston State University researchers found that Mexican citizens are more likely to support the death penalty than previously thought. Contrary to U.S. studies, Catholics in Mexico were found to be more likely to support capital punishment, while older Mexicans and those living in states bordering the U.S. were le...
A study at Southern Methodist University found that parents and nonparents alike rate spanking as more common, acceptable, and effective than corporal punishment. Researchers suggest changing semantics of discipline to reduce violence and prevent harm to children.
A study published in Psychological Science found that judges in the US tend to give defendants longer sentences on Mondays following daylight saving time transitions. The researchers analyzed data from 1992-2003 and discovered a consistent trend of harsher sentencing, suggesting that sleep deprivation may influence legal decisions.
A study analyzing 160,000 cases found that African American and disabled children are at least 50% more likely to be corporally punished than their peers. The report highlights widespread disparities in the administration of corporal punishment by race, gender, and disability status.
A new study published in PLOS Computational Biology found that adolescents are more receptive to rewards than punishments of equal value. The researchers suggest using positive reinforcement methods in education and parenting to encourage desired behavior, as reward-based systems may be more effective for this age group.
Adolescents outperform adults in choosing rewards but struggle with punishment, leading to the development of a new model for learning during adolescence. The study suggests that incentive systems based on reward rather than punishment may be more effective for this age group.
A meta-analysis of 50 years of research on spanking found that it is associated with increased anti-social behavior, aggression, mental health problems, and cognitive difficulties. Spanking was linked to detrimental outcomes consistently across all types of studies, including those using strongest methodologies.
A new nationwide academic study reveals significant variation in physician disciplinary actions and malpractice claims rates among US states. The study found that some states have much lower disciplinary action rates than others, highlighting the need for standardized regulations and resources to address this issue.
Researchers have reinterpreted Bernini's 'Animas' sculptures as mythologically themed works, featuring a nymph and satyr. The discovery is based on unpublished documents from the Roman Historical Archives, opening a new perspective on Bernini's oeuvre.
Researchers found that compassion is linked to helping victims and punishing transgressors differently. Compassion training increased altruistic behavior in just two weeks.
A new University of Washington-based initiative researches how multiple states implement court-imposed fines and fees, with findings highlighting the disproportionate impact on poor people. The study reveals an arbitrary system of enforcement and collection that perpetuates poverty and marginalization.
Research reveals that people with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have difficulty judging the severity of crimes and assigning appropriate punishments. This impairment can affect their social skills, such as empathy and rational judgments, leading to poorer prognoses for resuming normal work and family life.
Most states do not consider ignition interlock devices a severe enough punishment for first-time DUI offenders, despite their effectiveness in reducing arrest rates and fatalities. The study found that only less than half of states mandate the use of these devices for first-time offenders.
A national survey of parents found that there is no consensus on defining cyberbullying, with differing opinions on punishments. While some parents support referral to law enforcement for sex rumors, others believe academic cheating should be addressed through school sanctions.
A new study has pinpointed the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as a critical brain region responsible for coordinating punishment decisions made by judges and juries. The DLPFC integrates information from other parts of the brain to determine punishment, with disruption leading to reduced punishments for morally responsible agents.
Researchers found that disrupting brain activity in a specific area can change punishment decisions without affecting blame judgments. This study suggests that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex integrates information from other parts of the brain to determine punishment and moral responsibility.
A recent study revealed that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) integrates information about a suspect's blameworthiness and harm to others, enabling humans to decide on appropriate punishment levels. The DLPFC is specialized for integrating multiple streams of information to select responses.
Scientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory found cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain that rapidly inform multiple subregions of surprising rewards or punishments. These neurons enable flexibility in neuronal connections, allowing for plasticity and learning.
New research suggests that targeted punishments could provide a path to international climate change cooperation. By devising rules for small groups of 'defectors' to focus pressure, cooperation can build up gradually, ultimately leading to collective action against climate change.
Researchers found that young children prefer to return lost items to their rightful owners and prevent a third party from taking what doesn't belong to them. This suggests that a concern for others is a core component of a sense of justice, likely central to human cooperation.
Researchers found that three- and five-year-old children are just as likely to respond to the needs of another individual as they are to their own. This suggests a core component of a sense of justice based on empathy, which is central to human prosociality and punishment.
A recent study found that losses had a measured impact two to three times greater than gains on behavior, leading researchers to suggest using negative feedback as an effective teaching strategy. This approach may help students avoid making the same mistake again and could provide insights into learning behaviors.
A UT Dallas study found that solitary confinement does not deter inmates from committing further violent acts, and its use may even exacerbate mental health problems. The research suggests reducing solitary confinement could save taxpayer funds and improve prisoner outcomes upon release.
A study suggests that supervisors can distinguish between selfless and self-servingly motivated employees based on their organizational citizenship behavior. Selfless employees are more likely to contribute positively to the organization, while self-servingly motivated employees focus on personal advancement.
Research reveals that psychopathic violent offenders have abnormalities in brain regions related to learning from punishment, leading them to prioritize rewards over consequences. The findings suggest that punishment may not be an effective deterrent for these individuals, highlighting the need for alternative interventions.
Researchers found that a sequential use of reward and punishment can promote cooperation in collaborative endeavors. The study suggests that initially rewarding minor cooperators and then punishing free riders can lead to better outcomes.
A new study at Brown University reveals that conflict in learning tasks biases the brain to reduce the influence of reward and increase the influence of aversion to punishment. The researchers used EEG scans, genetic tests, and manipulation with a dopamine-related drug to gather evidence for this link. They found that people who learn ...
A new study by NYU researchers reveals that individuals tend to prioritize restoring what they've lost rather than punishing an offender. When directly affected, people show a strong preference for compensation, whereas as third-party observers, they become more punitive.
A study by the University of Manchester and Liverpool John Moores University found that courts imposed excessive and arbitrary punishments during the 2011 English riots. The research suggests that both courts and law enforcement agencies were influenced by a desire to restore order, leading to a 'collective hysteria' approach.