The Merck/AAAS Undergraduate Science Research Program awards fifteen grants annually to qualified institutions in the US and Puerto Rico. The program aims to enhance undergraduate education through research experiences that bridge chemistry and biology.
A recent study found that combination hormone therapy increased the risk of stroke in postmenopausal women, including those with and without high blood pressure. The therapy was found to be ineffective for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and heart attack.
Researchers have discovered a novel photoreceptor system in the human eye that controls melatonin production, which plays a key role in circadian rhythms. The study suggests that exposure to blue light at night may disrupt melatonin production and increase the risk of breast cancer.
Attitudes toward pharmacogenomics vary by education level, race, income, and age, but most people are willing to participate in genetic research. Respondents trusted medical institutions over government or pharmaceutical companies to perform the research.
The study found significant differences between Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites in conditions increasing stroke risk, such as diabetes and blood-thinning drug use. Understanding these differences can help tailor stroke-prevention campaigns to the Hispanic community, increasing their effectiveness.
Agent-based models reveal how simple interactions among individuals can generate complex social patterns, such as residential segregation and fads. Researchers use these models to study human behavior, including peer enforcement of norms and self-destructive behaviors.
A study found that higher alcohol consumption is associated with greater severity of barroom aggression, but not the initial likelihood of aggression. Environmental factors like dim lighting and encouragement from onlookers also play a significant role in severe brawls.
Studies have found that nerve cells in mature brains undergo metamorphoses and exhibit motility, reorganizing their structure to adapt to changing conditions. This discovery may have important implications for addressing diseases such as spinal injury by promoting recovery from synaptic abnormalities.
Researchers developed a model predicting water redistribution in soils following irrigation or rainfall. Coarse-textured soils exhibit finger formation, leading to deep chemical movement and potential groundwater contamination. Longer, less frequent watering may decrease fingering near the surface.
A new study uses tree ring chronologies to identify patterns of multidecadal oscillations in precipitation, linking them to ocean temperature shifts. The research suggests that the Great Plains, Rockies, and Southwest are prone to megadroughts when tropical Pacific and North Atlantic sea surface temperatures align.
Researchers are working towards individualized treatments using DNA chip technology to analyze gene expression and detect host genetic polymorphisms. This approach aims to optimize drug selection and doses at a molecular level, reducing toxicity and improving patient outcomes for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Early Mars research suggests that the planet may have been too cold to melt water, contradicting Dr. James F. Kasting's theory of a greenhouse effect. However, Kasting proposes that methane-producing bacteria could have warmed the planet, allowing for the formation of features like Nanedi Vallis.
The Centralia, PA underground coal fire has been burning since 1962 and is still active today. Temperature measurements indicate the fire advances at an average rate of 66 feet per year, with some months showing little movement.
A new study by Cornell University researchers finds that selfish routing on the Internet can slow down data transfer by up to one and one-third times what could be achieved by an ideal system. To combat this, they suggest routers consider not only the least congested route but also its impact on the network when sending information.
A decade-long analysis of 500 families with Alzheimer's Disease suggests a future of early prediction and prevention. The findings lead to a new vision of medical care, applicable not only to Alzheimer's but also to other genetic disorders.
Researchers tested a combination of a vibrating vest and a mechanical cough-assist device to improve respiratory function in stroke patients. The treatment resulted in significant increases in forced vital capacity and minute ventilation, and improved oxygen saturation levels.
Biological differences in taste sensitivity have been linked to various health risks, including colon cancer and cardiovascular disease. Supertasters are more likely to avoid vegetables due to their bitter taste, but this may lead to a higher risk of certain cancers.
High school students from Philadelphia area participate in a youth engagement initiative, expressing concerns about the lack of discussion on current events. They also request better sex education programs and increased funding for schools, aiming to become active citizens who contribute to their communities.
Truong Nguyen will receive $120,000 funding to develop a video decoder that generates additional frames to produce smoother video sequences. The technology aims to enhance live video applications like videoconferencing and surveillance over wireless connections.
A review of seven trials found that interferon may reduce exacerbations in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients in the first year, but its long-term effects are uncertain. Common side effects and toxic effects also occurred.
Researchers found that high-density storage systems used at nuclear power plants could unleash contamination worse than Chernobyl if attacked. The study recommends returning water tanks to low-density configurations and building onsite storage facilities to reduce the risk of fire and radiation release.
Research highlights the strong association between gambling disorders (GDs) and alcohol use disorders (AUDs), suggesting therapy should focus on breaking unconscious associations between winning and drinking. Co-therapy may lead to better outcomes for GDs, particularly among those with AUDs.
Expert Clarke emphasizes the importance of communication, infrastructure development, and international cooperation in preparing for asteroid impacts. He highlights the need for countries to have comprehensive civil defense plans and to prioritize population relocation and geographical redevelopment.
A study conducted in Tanzania found that poorer families are less likely to seek medical care for their children, resulting in a higher prevalence of childhood illnesses and lower treatment rates. The findings highlight the need for targeted health programs to address health inequities in low-income communities.
A new vaccine technique has shown promise in boosting the natural immune response to tumors in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. The vaccine was found to be non-toxic and well-tolerated, with some patients remaining disease-free for over three years after vaccination.
Leading scientists in nanotechnology are discussing recent developments in microelectronics, including the creation of nanocomputers and millirobots. These tiny machines have the potential to control tiny devices and understand the mechanics of how to wire them up.
A recent study found a decrease in thymidine analog mutations and an increase in K65R and Y115F mutations associated with HIV treatment failure. The study analyzed data from 1999-2002 and identified trends in antiretroviral therapy usage and mutation incidence.
Researchers found that bystanders correctly administered the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS) directions 96% of the time, detecting key symptoms like arm weakness and slurred speech. This ability can allow untrained adults to act as 'eyes and ears' for emergency dispatchers, potentially improving stroke diagnosis and treatment.
Researchers found a significant association between the DQB1_05 and _04 alleles and sleepwalking disorder, suggesting that these genes play a role in disorders of motor control during sleep. The study identified Ser74 as a key genetic marker for sleepwalking, providing new insights into its underlying mechanisms.
Researchers found that combining ibuprofen with aspirin increased the risk of death from any cause and cardiovascular disease by 75% and 200%, respectively. Patients taking both medications also had a higher risk of bleeding from stomach ulcers.
Research highlights the association between drinking and physical aggression, finding that heavy drinking increases the risk of domestic violence by eight times. Effective prevention and treatment interventions require understanding the link between alcohol and IPV, particularly among minority groups.
Researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute have discovered evidence of early domestication of wild squash varieties in coastal Ecuador dating back to around 12,000 years ago. The phytoliths found in these ancient fruits suggest a significant shift towards more productive agricultural practices among hunter-gatherers.
A Pittsburgh study found that even among those with normal weight, excess fat distribution in the body increases insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes risk. The study of elderly men and women with normal glucose tolerance showed that two-thirds of those with type 2 diabetes were not obese.
A genetic study found a new gene variant associated with general intelligence, located within the cathepsin D (CTSD) gene. The study, which followed 767 healthy adults over 15 years, discovered that a specific functional transition in exon 2 of CTSD increased cognitive decline.
Scientists are exploring the potential of infrasound pulses to detect natural disasters such as tornadoes and volcanic eruptions. Infrasound pulses can also be used to monitor and forecast volcanic eruptions, potentially providing valuable warnings for communities at risk.
Coal fires consume up to 200 million tons of coal annually, releasing greenhouse gases, soot particles, and toxic elements. Innovative solutions like heat-resistant grout may help fight these fires and mitigate their impact on climate change and human health.
A new study reveals that the human brain can distinguish between thousands of chemicals using a 'fingerprint' pattern, while another discovery sheds light on pheromone-detecting neurons in mice that identify potential mates and social status. These findings may also aid in understanding animal communication and behavior.
Researchers challenge a recent study's estimate of greenhouse gas emissions from tropical deforestation, citing seven serious errors that lead to a major underestimate. The Achard study failed to account for drier forests, biomass, and the effects of methane and nitrous oxide.
Researchers investigated a repeat polymorphism in the estrogen receptor alpha gene and found associations with neuroticism, psychoticism, and non-conformity. The study suggests that genetic variations in this gene may contribute to specific components of personality.
Research suggests that the mammalian ventral tegmental area plays a critical role in mediating both rewarding and aversive properties of nicotine. Blockade of mesolimbic dopamine signaling induced by neuroleptic medications may selectively block the aversive effects of nicotine, increasing vulnerability to its addictive properties.
Dr. Warlow will receive the prestigious Thomas Willis Award for his extensive work on clinical trials, meta-analysis, and epidemiology in stroke research. The award recognizes a senior investigator who has made significant contributions to understanding stroke over a sustained period.
Researchers found a specific neural structure processes pheromonal signals, governing mating and social behaviors. The 'pheromonal image' is akin to the visual 'face neurons' that recognize facial features.
Scientists at Imperial College London have discovered a unique method of viral transmission by the HTLV-1 leukaemia virus. The virus infects cells and transfers itself to other cells without releasing particles, evading the immune system and paving the way for potential new treatments.
Researchers found a connection between HIV antiretroviral therapy and impaired triglyceride metabolism, increasing risk of atherosclerosis. Elevated ApoC-III levels were associated with higher triglycerides in both treatment groups.
Researcher Tammy Chung highlights findings from four studies tracking adolescents with alcohol problems after treatment. These studies found that at least half of treated teens showed reductions in alcohol use and problems, while some continued to experience issues through young adulthood.
A new study found that teenage girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are significantly more worried about their future fertility compared to healthy age-mates. The study also revealed that PCOS patients have lower scores in quality of life questionnaire categories, particularly self-esteem and mental health.
Key findings from brain bank research highlight the importance of standardized protocols and consideration of quality-related factors. The use of brain banks has led to a better understanding of alcohol-induced brain shrinkage, with potential implications for prevention and reversal of this condition.
The American health system faces multiple crises, including soaring premiums and personnel shortages. Bloom suggests using socially focused research, such as the Whitehall Study, to address these issues and promote better health outcomes.
The European Commission will present its research policy and funding activities at the AAAS meeting, aiming to create a European Research Area (ERA) with better coordination and cooperation. The EU's goal is to boost competitiveness and improve citizens' quality of life through significant resources mobilized via the Framework program.
The study shows that pheromones trigger unique neural excitation patterns in the brain, providing vital information about sex discrimination and social behavior. Individual neurons respond to specific animals based on their genetic identity, suggesting a complex pheromonal system.
Scientists at the University of Iowa have gained insight into how naphthalene dioxygenase, a bacterial enzyme, utilizes oxygen to catalyze reactions. This breakthrough has implications for developing microorganisms that can clean up toxic waste and creating novel drugs.
A large-scale study confirms KEPPRA's efficacy in reducing seizure frequency and achieving seizure freedom in patients with refractory epilepsy. The study analyzed data from 1,422 patients over a 54-month period, showing sustained antiepileptic benefits without tolerance developing.
Researchers describe groundbreaking cognitive therapy approach that helps people with schizophrenia identify and challenge negative thoughts, leading to significant symptom reductions. The therapy, combined with medication, offers hope for those who have not responded to traditional treatments.
Researchers analyzed VA records of 4,340 patients who received heart attack care between 1994-1995. Patients with mental illness had a slightly lower rate of diagnostic angiography, but no significant difference in survival rates for 90 days after the heart attack.
The US has pledged $1 billion to combat HIV/AIDS in 14 high-prevalence countries. The programme aims to prevent 7 million new infections, treat 2 million people, and support 10 million infected individuals.
A recent study found that gradual temperature increases cause significant decreases in crop productivity for corn and soybeans. Climate is identified as a crucial factor in crop yield trends, contradicting previous assumptions. The study's unique approach separates the effects of climate and technology on yield trends.
A team of researchers at Texas A&M University has developed a vacuum system that can detect anthrax and other biological agents in mail sorting machines. The device, which is being developed by the McDivitt laboratory, uses a detector to identify and quantify both biological and chemical agents.
A low-intensity behavioral and social skill program showed promise in reducing ADHD symptoms in children and improving parent-child relationships. The study found that parents who participated in the class reported fewer ADHD symptoms in their children and more consistent discipline practices, while teachers saw no significant difference.
Researchers found that North American red squirrels are adapting to warmer temperatures by advancing their breeding cycle by 18 days over 10 years. The team used quantitative genetics to separate individual plasticity from genetic adaptation, revealing a long-term trend of phenotypic plasticity.
The UK has launched a new 'global partnerships' program aimed at fostering science and technology partnerships with the US. The program, which combines expertise from three British Government divisions, has already yielded over 20 partnership projects in its US pilot program.