Research shows estrogens can act as antioxidants, protecting HDL from oxidation and enhancing its ability to shield LDL from damage. High levels of HDL also protect LDL when estrogens are present, with different estrogens displaying varying antioxidant potency.
SourceBMC (BioMed Central)·JournalLipids in Health and Disease·DateJul 4, 2003
Granzyme A, a double-headed protease, is assembled into a dimer with identical catalytic domains connected by a covalent disulfide bond. This unique configuration enables the enzyme to recognize specific sequences and activate cell death machinery in tumor cells and virally infected cells.
SourceMax-Planck-Gesellschaft·JournalNature Structural & Molecular Biology·DateJul 4, 2003