Gilbert Strang awarded Peter Henrici Prize
Gilbert Strang received the Peter Henrici Prize for his work in applied and numerical analysis, including finite element methods, linear algebra, and wavelets. The prize is awarded jointly by ETHZ and SIAM.
Science News for August 13, 2007
Multinational research: protecting ecology means understanding people, too
A new Texas A&M University program aims to tackle conservation challenges by integrating biology, culture, and governance. Led by Dr. Lee Fitzgerald and Dr. Amanda Stronza, the project will train students in interdisciplinary research and fieldwork to address pressing issues like invasive species, habitat loss, and social conflict.
Are Latinos becoming white? UC researchers examine color and nationality
A new study examines how Latino immigrants identify themselves racially in the US, finding a significant share identifies as Latino rather than white. Increasing exposure to American culture leads to a shift towards Spanish racial self-identification, contrasting with earlier European immigrant groups.
Nancy Kopell awarded 2007 John von Neumann Lecture
Dr. Nancy Kopell received the John von Neumann Lecture for her groundbreaking work on coupled nonlinear oscillators and their application to various biological systems. Her research focuses on understanding rhythmic behavior in networks of neurons and its role in filtering and transforming input patterns.
Patient-centered approach can backfire
Research at the University of Iowa suggests that a patient-centered approach can be detrimental for patients who prefer a more traditional 'doctor-centered' style. The study found that when these patients are matched with patient-centered doctors, they are less likely to follow treatment recommendations and feel satisfied with their care.
New study warns limited carbon market puts 20 percent of tropical forest at risk
A new study by Conservation International and colleagues warns that 11 countries with high forest cover and low rates of deforestation are at risk of being left out of a carbon market intended to promote rainforest conservation. The study calls for 'preventive credits' to incentivize protection of intact tropical forests.
Robert McLachlan awarded Germund Dahlquist Prize
Robert McLachlan, a Professor of Applied Mathematics at Massey University in New Zealand, received the Germund Dahlquist Prize for his original contributions to geometric integration. His work has applications in physics, computer science, and engineering, and he has used geometric integration methods to study complex systems.
Waist-to-hip ratio may better predict cardiovascular risk than body mass index
Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center found that waist-to-hip ratio is a stronger indicator of cardiovascular risk than body mass index. The study suggests that measuring this ratio can help identify individuals with an increased risk of heart disease and guide more effective treatment strategies.
SourceUT Southwestern Medical Center·JournalJournal of the American College of Cardiology·DateAug 13, 2007
Even low levels of weekly exercise drive down blood pressure
A randomized controlled trial found that even low levels of weekly exercise can significantly lower systolic blood pressure and reduce waist and hip girth in sedentary adults. The study also showed an increase in overall fitness among participants who engaged in moderate-intensity physical activity below the recommended levels.
New technology has dramatic chip-cooling potential for future computers
Researchers at Purdue University have developed a new technology using tiny 'ionic wind engines' that could dramatically improve computer chip cooling. The technology increased the heat-transfer coefficient by as much as 250 percent, outperforming existing methods.
Drug for cluster headaches may cause heart problems
A study found that 21% of patients taking verapamil for cluster headaches experienced irregular heartbeats, while 37% had slower than normal heart rates. Close monitoring with electrocardiograms is recommended to mitigate potential heart problems.
Diverse genetic abnormalities lead to NF-κB activation in multiple myeloma
Two new studies provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant NF-κB activity in MM tumor cells. The research reveals diverse mutations that lead to pathological activation of NF-κB signaling in MM, highlighting its role as a target for therapy development.
NIH gives $8M to University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine for myositis research
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine are conducting a worldwide study on treating myositis, a rare autoimmune disorder. The study will evaluate the effectiveness of rituximab in improving symptoms of dermatomyositis and polymyositis, with 202 participants from North America and Europe involved.
Fluctuating eye pressure associated with visual field deterioration in glaucoma patients
Research found that glaucoma patients with fluctuating eye pressure have worse visual fields after three months and 13 years, highlighting the importance of reducing long-term IOP fluctuations. The study suggests that 'IOP modulation' rather than reduction is a more effective treatment approach for stabilizing vision.
Using coxibs and NSAIDs to treat osteoarthritis
Experts emphasize evidence-based approach to treating osteoarthritis, citing benefits of coxibs and NSAIDs despite gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risks. The OARSI international COX-2 workshop 2007 provided guidance on safe use of these agents.
Regulator of lipid metabolism ensures high quality breast milk
Researchers at the Salk Institute found that PPARa helps control toxic fatty acids in breast milk, preventing inflammation and hair loss in pups. The discovery sheds light on the genetic program behind breast milk's purity.
DNA vaccine against multiple sclerosis appears safe, potentially beneficial
A newly developed DNA vaccine against multiple sclerosis appears safe and may produce beneficial changes in the brains and immune systems of individuals with MS. The vaccine showed a reduction in cytokine-producing cells targeting myelin proteins, as well as a trend toward a decrease in contrast-enhancing lesions on brain MRI.
1 of 2 pediatric kidney disease research centers in world established
A new Research Center of Excellence in Pediatric Nephrology will be established at the Medical College of Wisconsin to accelerate treatments for children with genetic and acquired kidney disease. The center aims to develop unique therapies that can limit or cure progressive kidney disorders.
Tectonic plates act like variable thermostat
A recent PNAS study found that the current Earth system has improved heat regulation compared to 60 million years ago when small tectonic plates existed. The research suggests that plate size and number significantly affect heat loss, with smaller plates leading to greater heat escape from the mantle.
SourceUniversity of Southern California·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateAug 13, 2007
Adding up renewable energy
A life cycle assessment reveals that renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and geothermal have valid green credentials in electricity production. However, the efficiency of these systems is comparable only when considering the entire life cycle, not just materials production and running.
RAND finds cases of undiagnosed diabetes drop sharply
A RAND Corporation study reveals a sharp decline in undiagnosed diabetes cases among American men over the past 25 years, with ethnic disparities largely eliminated. The study also found that education levels play a significant role in diabetes diagnosis, with those having less education being less likely to receive accurate diagnoses.
Comparison of obstetric outcomes between on-call and patients' own obstetricians
A cohort study found a small but significant increase in cesarean deliveries when women are cared for by an on-call obstetrician rather than their regular-care obstetrician. The study highlights the importance of smooth hand-offs of patient care between physicians.
SourceCanadian Medical Association Journal·JournalCanadian Medical Association Journal·DateAug 13, 2007
Anemia and tropical diseases; Is pharmacogenomics ready for the clinic?
A study suggests that measuring anemia can be a useful indicator of the burden and control of neglected tropical diseases. Pharmacogenomics, however, still faces limitations in its application for individualized drug dosing based on hereditary factors, according to a review.
Disability payments may spur drug abuse
A new study finds that the arrival of disability checks coincides with a sharp rise in drug-induced sickness and death. The research suggests spreading out aid payments could relieve stress on hospitals and healthcare workers.
Study begins to reveal clues to the cause and progression of sepsis
Researchers found that sepsis's inflammatory response is highly variable across patients, extending past outward symptoms. The study aims to inform future treatment and prevention strategies by providing a better understanding of the disease.
SourceUniversity of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences·JournalArchives of Internal Medicine·DateAug 13, 2007
Businesses fall short on workplace flexibility
New research from the University of Cincinnati finds that nearly half of workers wish they worked fewer hours, and 49% prefer changing their schedule. The study also reveals that many workers are willing to give up pay for greater flexibility, but face barriers in the workplace.
LSU professors work to improve efficiency of ethanol fuel
Researchers at LSU are working on improving the efficiency of ethanol fuel production using coal-derived syngas. The project aims to produce clean energy from a domestic resource, making it more easily distributed and convertible into hydrogen-rich gas for use in fuel cells.
Invasion of the brain tumors
Researchers discovered the p75NTR receptor plays a key role in glioma invasion, with expression sufficient to induce aggressive tumor growth. This finding highlights a previously unknown function of the receptor and suggests it may be a novel therapeutic target.
Traditional Chinese exercises may increase efficacy of flu vaccine
A study suggests that 20 weeks of Taiji exercise can increase antibody response to influenza vaccine in older adults. The study found that the Taiji group had higher antibody responses and a greater percentage of participants achieved protective levels compared to the control group.
SourceUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, News Bureau·JournalThe American Journal of Chinese Medicine·DateAug 13, 2007
Working parents -- who puts family first when a child gets sick?
Research conducted by UC Sociology Professor David Maume found that women are more likely to leave their jobs to attend to their children, while men prioritize work. The study suggests that traditional gender roles persist despite changing attitudes on family responsibilities.
Adverse housing conditions contribute to diabetes risk
Researchers found that sub-standard housing more than doubled diabetes risk among study participants. Despite ruling out other factors, housing conditions remain a significant contributor to the development of diabetes in this population.
Unravelling new complexity in the genome
A University of Toronto-led study found that alternative splicing is more highly regulated in nervous system tissues, allowing for specific functions in memory and learning. This new understanding of gene regulation has significant implications for human diseases such as cancers.
Facial attraction -- choice of sexual partner shaped the human face
Research at the Natural History Museum found that men's facial attractiveness in the past was linked to their jaw size, cheek flaring and eyebrow shape. The study discovered that shorter faces between the mouth and upper lip created a more attractive appearance to potential mates.
Drug interactions with warfarin
A study of 40,171 patients found a 4-6 fold increase in gastrointestinal bleeding when warfarin was used with antiplatelet agents. Physicians should be aware of these risks to better assess their patients' therapeutic risk-benefit profiles.
SourceCanadian Medical Association Journal·JournalCanadian Medical Association Journal·DateAug 13, 2007
Study suggests loss of 2 types of neurons -- not just 1 -- triggers Parkinson's symptoms
Researchers found a link between the loss of norepinephrine and dopamine neurons and delayed Parkinson's symptoms. The study showed that both types of neurons are necessary for normal motor function.
Features of replication suggest viruses have common themes, vulnerabilities
Researchers have identified common attributes in viral replication machinery that could be vulnerable to disruption, potentially leading to broad-spectrum antiviral agents. A study on flock house virus reveals a new compartment for RNA synthesis, where the virus can collect components and carry out processes efficiently.
New treatment boosts muscle function in myasthenia gravis
A new oral treatment, EN101 antisense, has been shown to significantly reduce muscle weakness in people with myasthenia gravis. The study found that patients experienced improved muscle function, swallowing time, and disappearance of symptoms such as drooping eyelids.
Interaction of just 2 genes governs coloration patterns in mice
Researchers at Harvard University identified the genetic changes responsible for lighter fur coloration in beach mice, which helps camouflage them from predators. The discovery sheds light on how specific gene interactions can influence an organism's appearance and survival.
Side-to-side shaking of nanoresonators throws off impurities
Cornell researchers demonstrate a new way to make nanoresonators vibrate 'in the plane' – side to side. This technique shakes off extraneous materials, allowing only tightly bound pathogens to be detected. The ability to excite in-plane motion also has applications in making nanoscale gyroscopes and nano optics.
New treatment effective in counteracting cocaine-induced symptoms
Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have developed a new treatment that effectively counters the cardiovascular effects of cocaine. The treatment successfully lowers both heart rate and blood pressure, alleviating symptoms commonly experienced by cocaine users.
SourceUT Southwestern Medical Center·JournalJournal of the American College of Cardiology·DateAug 13, 2007
Adverse housing conditions contribute to diabetes risk
A study found that fair or poor housing conditions increase the risk of developing diabetes in urban, middle-aged African-Americans. Housing conditions, such as cleanliness and physical condition, were evaluated to clarify the relationship between environment and health outcomes.
Climate change isolates Rocky Mountain butterflies
A new study finds that climate change is isolating groups of alpine butterflies in the Canadian Rockies, leading to population decline and increased risk of local extinction. The expanding forests and reduced prescribed burns are limiting the butterflies' ability to fly and reproduce, threatening their survival.
Pot bellies linked to early signs of cardiovascular disease
A new study shows that a moderate bulge at the waist significantly increases the risk of unhealthy plaque build-up in the arteries. Researchers found that adding several inches to the waist measurement markedly increases the risk, even if body weight remains within a normal range.
SourceAmerican College of Cardiology·JournalJournal of the American College of Cardiology·DateAug 13, 2007
A 'broader' look at cardiac CTA images often finds diseases/disorders beyond the heart
A recent study found that cardiac CTAs post-CABG reveal clinically significant non-cardiac findings in 34 patients, including pulmonary embolism and lung cancer. The study highlights the importance of physician interpreters trained to read entire CT scans beyond coronary vessels.
Antioxidants show no clear benefit against cardiovascular events, death in high-risk women
Researchers tested vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and their combination in the Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study. The study found no significant reduction in cardiovascular events or death among participants at high risk for heart disease.
Beyond batteries: Storing power in a sheet of paper
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute researchers develop nanocomposite paper-based energy storage device that meets tricky design requirements of gadgets and implantable medical equipment. The device can function as both a high-energy battery and a high-power supercapacitor, using human blood or sweat to power it.
SourceRensselaer Polytechnic Institute·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateAug 13, 2007
Conventional prognostic factors fail to explain better prostate cancer survival in most Asian men
A comprehensive study found that conventional prognostic factors do not adequately predict survival outcomes in Asian-American men with prostate cancer. Despite worse prognostic profiles, most Asian ethnic groups have better outcomes compared to white men.
Survival differences by race most apparent in advanced stages of breast cancer
A new study found that racial differences in breast cancer survival are most apparent in advanced stages of the disease, with African American women having poorer outcomes than white women. After adjusting for clinical factors, the disparities persisted, indicating non-clinical factors may contribute to survival differences.
A 'private bandwidth' for communication in bats: Evidence from insular horseshoe bats
A new study found that insular horseshoe bats exhibit distinct ultrasonic call frequencies, allowing them to recognize their own species. The presence of a third species on the island may be driving this 'private bandwidth' for communication, with implications for social interactions and sexual behavior.
Pollution causes 40 percent of deaths worldwide, study finds
A study by Cornell University finds that pollution from water, air and soil is responsible for 40% of global deaths, with malnutrition and disease susceptibility affecting 3.7 billion people worldwide. The researchers warn that the growing world population, combined with environmental degradation, are major causes behind human diseases.
10 years after: Promised reform in South African telecommunications fails
A recent analysis by Robert Horwitz reveals that South Africa's telecommunications reform has largely failed to improve access and affordability for the majority of the population. Despite comprehensive legislation passed in 1996, Telkom was able to thwart competition and impose high prices, limiting service offerings.
Irrigation may not cool the globe in the future
A new study suggests that irrigation may not cool the globe in the future, contrary to previous findings. The research team analyzed temperature and irrigation trends in California's Central Valley and found a clear cooling effect in agricultural areas, but one that has recently slowed down.
SourceDOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateAug 13, 2007
Stomach cancer rate set to fall further 25 percent over next decade
Research published in the journal Gut indicates a projected 25% decline in stomach cancer cases in Western countries by 2030. The long-term nationwide study monitored three types of cell changes indicative of stomach cancer, tracking almost 98,000 patients from 1991 to 2005.
Which came first, the moth or the cactus?
A rare mutualistic relationship between a moth and cactus in the Sonoran Desert shows that one species can control the population of the other, challenging traditional ecological theory. The research has implications for understanding community ecology and the stability of mutualistic communities.
Protein 'chatter' linked to cancer activation
Research reveals a critical link between protein 'chat' and cancer development, shedding light on three rare but deadly disorders. Shortened chromosome ends can lead to genetic instability, promoting cancer growth.
Study, meta-analysis examine factors associated with death from heatstroke
A study found that individuals living in nursing homes and taking medication to lower blood pressure are more likely to die from heatstroke. Being confined to bed and unable to care for oneself also increase the risk of death. Conversely, visiting cool environments and increasing social contact can lead to better outcomes.
Smoking may strongly increase long-term risk of eye disease
Current and past smokers are at increased risk of developing late-age related macular degeneration, with current smokers four times more likely than non-smokers. Smoking's link to AMD is thought to share other risk factors with cardiovascular disease, including high cholesterol levels and hypertension.
Clones on task serve greater good, evolutionary study shows
Researchers at Michigan State University found that clones with similar genetic traits outperformed those with varied genetics, producing more flowers and potentially increasing reproduction. The study suggests that a gene called Erecta plays a role in this variation, but further research is needed to confirm the findings.
SourceMichigan State University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateAug 13, 2007
New study examines how minorities are 'movin' on up' when they move to new neighborhoods
A recent study reveals that minority families moving to new neighborhoods experience equal or better economic gains compared to whites, but white children remain in wealthier areas. The research also finds that staying in one's neighborhood leads to greater economic improvements for white families than non-migrant minorities.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Researchers found that Langerhans cell histiocytosis is associated with the expansion of regulatory T cells, driven by cell survival rather than uncontrolled proliferation. This discovery provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms of the disease.
New study examines how rearing environment can alter navigation
A new study published in Psychological Science examines how early exposure to geometric cues influences navigational strategy. The researchers found that fish raised in circular tanks with minimal angular information still used geometry to navigate, while those from rectangular tanks were more likely to rely on features when present.
Doernbecher Children's Hospital scientist earns coveted Javits award
Stephen A. Back, a pediatric neurology expert at Doernbecher Children's Hospital, has received the prestigious Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award for his research on white matter brain injury in premature infants. His work aims to develop therapies that can reverse brain damage and slow cognitive decline in aging adults.
Newly created cancer stem cells could aid breast cancer research
Researchers have created cancer stem cells in a Petri dish from human breast tissue, which can initiate tumors and metastasize. The new study provides clues about the trajectory of cancer cells and offers a boon to researchers studying these elusive cells.
Change on the range
A collaborative learning exercise between land managers and scientists aimed to explore the impacts of long-term temperature changes and precipitation distribution on rangelands. The study found that experiential learning is an effective teaching method for critical thinking, communication skills, and engaging learners.
SourceAmerican Society of Agronomy·JournalJournal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education·DateAug 13, 2007
Bursts of waves drive immune system 'soldiers' toward invaders
Researchers found that bursts of waves drive immune system 'soldiers' toward invaders, using a signaling protein to direct cell movement. The discovery may lead to strategies to block cancer growth and treat heart disease.