Cholesterol-lowering drug boosts bone repair
A cholesterol-lowering drug, lovastatin, has been shown to improve bone healing in an animal model of NF1. The study found marked improvements in bone healing compared to control animals.
Science News Archive 2008
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UC Berkeley virologist named Keck Distinguished Young Scholar
Britt Glaunsinger's research using herpesvirus aims to understand cellular machinery for RNA stability, with potential implications for human health. The five-year grant supports her work on a mysterious viral protein that evades the immune response.
Life in a bubble
Research at MIT shows how insects trap air on their bodies to create an external lung, enabling them to stay underwater indefinitely. The stability of the bubble depends on the spacing of hairs on the insect's abdomen, which must be balanced with surface area for breathing.
Caltech researchers find dual-use sexual attraction and population-control chemicals in nematodes
Researchers at Caltech have found a signaling molecule in nematode worms that serves as both a population-control mechanism and a sexual attractant. The discovery could lead to new strategies to control parasitic nematodes, which affect the health of over a billion people.
Potential new drug target to fight tuberculosis identified
Researchers at Weill Cornell Medical College have identified a key membrane protein, Rv3671c, essential to Mycobacterium tuberculosis' defense against immune cell acidification. Disabling this protein makes the bacterium vulnerable to acidification and killing.
Miscanthus can meet US biofuels goal using less land than corn or switchgrass
Researchers found that Miscanthus can produce about 2.5 times the amount of ethanol per acre compared to corn, requiring only 9.3% of current agricultural acreage to meet the US biofuels production goal. Miscanthus also accumulates more carbon in the soil than annual crops like corn and soybeans.
Results of 9-month phase II study of gammagard intravenous immunoglobulin
The study found that patients treated with IGIV demonstrated significantly better cognitive function, daily functioning, and activities of daily living compared to those receiving placebo. The benefits persisted over 9 months, showing promise for IGIV as an antiamyloid immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease.
Low-gravity training machine reduces joint, muscle impacts, says CU-Boulder study
A CU-Boulder study using a space-age, low-gravity training machine found it reduced impacts on muscles and joints by nearly half when subjects ran at 50% of their body weight. The G-Trainer, built by Alter-G Inc., was retrofitted with force-measuring technology to quantify its effects.
Mud pots signal possible extension of San Andreas Fault
A linear string of mud pots and volcanoes indicates a surface evidence for the southern extension of the San Andreas Fault. Researchers identified 33 geothermal features forming a clear pattern, revealing a planar rift extending to considerable depth in the crust.
Gaining advantages from childhood experience
Researchers found that rats exposed to novelty during infancy had better social competitiveness and reduced stress responses compared to those with no novel experiences. Consistency of maternal care was also linked to offspring's adaptability. These findings suggest early life experience plays a crucial role in shaping human development.
Findings on bladder-brain link may point to better treatments for problems in sleep, attention
Researchers found abnormal brain activity patterns due to bladder problems, potentially leading to disrupted sleep and attention issues. The study suggests targeting the locus ceruleus neural circuitry for potential treatment improvements in patients with bladder dysfunctions.
Frankincense provides relief to arthritis sufferers
A randomized, double-blinded trial of 70 patients found that taking an enriched extract of Indian Frankincense significantly improved osteoarthritis symptoms within seven days. The study suggests that AKBA, the most active ingredient in the plant, has anti-inflammatory properties and may be effective for treating knee osteoarthritis.
Obesity predisposition traced to the brain's reward system
A new study reveals a link between obesity predisposition and defective dopamine signaling in the brain's reward system. The mesolimbic system, which secretes dopamine, is found to have lower baseline levels and reduced stimulated release in obesity-prone rats.
Acidification of the sea hampers reproduction of marine species
A study by Swedish researchers found that acidification reduces sea urchin fertility by 25%, affecting larval development and population growth. The findings highlight the devastating impact of ocean acidification on marine animal life, with far-reaching consequences for commercially and ecologically important species.
Alzheimer's disease patients show improvement in trial of new drug
A new study published in The Lancet Neurology found that a small dose of the drug PBT2 improved cognitive function in early-stage Alzheimer's patients, reducing amyloid-beta levels by approximately 13% compared to placebo. The study suggests that PBT2 may have a significant effect on the underlying pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
Evolution of skull and mandible shape in cats
Sabertoothed and modern cats evolved distinct adaptations to killing, with the former having radically different skulls due to selective pressures for a precise shearing action. Modern cats' skull shape varies depending on size, but their anatomy shows a gradual transition from smallest to largest species.
Improved estrogen reception may sharpen fuzzy memory
Researchers at the University of Florida have discovered a way to improve thought processes in female mice by recharging a naturally occurring estrogen receptor in the brain. This breakthrough suggests that drugs can be developed to offset cognitive decline related to low estrogen levels, protecting against neurological diseases.
U of M researchers find cerebral malaria may be a major cause of brain injury in African children
A study published in Pediatrics found that cerebral malaria is related to long-term cognitive impairment in African children. At six months and two years after the initial episode, 21% and 26% of children with cerebral malaria showed significant cognitive impairment compared to their healthy peers.
Mucous breakthrough in mice holds promise for cystic fibrosis
Researchers have discovered a gene that helps clear mucous in the lungs and digestive system of people with cystic fibrosis. By correcting abnormal levels of this gene, they were able to prevent blockages and improve survival rates in mice with CF.
Ante-partum bed rest moms get active in Case Western Reserve University study
A group of women will test new exercises and educational programs to manage their recovery after bed rest and birth. Researchers hope to discover if longer intervention is needed to help women regain lost strength and stamina.
1/5 of British adult survivors of childhood cancer smoke despite hazards
A recent study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute found that nearly a third of British adult survivors of childhood cancer have been regular smokers at some point in their lives. Smoking is an additional source of risk for this population due to long-term effects of original cancer and treatment, as well as genet...
Let the cat keep chasing the mouse
An international research team developed a model to identify suitable habitats and corridors for the European wildcat. Almost half of Rheinland-Pfalz is considered suitable habitat, enabling a maximum population of 1600 females.
Note to people with scarred and stiffened lungs: Monitor your sleep before severe fatigue sets in
Researchers at Johns Hopkins have linked extreme fatigue in lung-scarring disease to poor sleep quality, finding a 25% loss in R.E.M. sleep time among patients. The study shows that people with stiffened lungs and sleep problems experience reduced physical and mental activity scores.
The buzz of the chase
Researchers from Queen Mary University of London have applied Geographic Profiling (GP) technique to bumblebees to analyze their foraging behavior. The study revealed that bees create a 'buffer zone' around their hive to reduce the risk of predators and parasites.
New study finds healthy children of Alzheimer patients show early brain changes
A study found that healthy children of Alzheimer's patients who carry the APOE-4 gene demonstrate reduced functional brain connectivity between key structures. This reduction is detectable long before clinical symptoms appear, with non-carriers showing significantly better connectivity.
Summer heat too hot for you? What is comfortable?
Researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine found that fruit flies use TRPA1 to sense single degree changes in the comfortable range, adapting to different temperatures through a multistep process. This discovery raises the possibility that mammals may also be able to sense small changes in internal body temperature.
Pandemic research receives $1.6M funding boost
A McMaster University researcher will work with isolated Hutterite communities to understand the transmission of pandemic diseases like influenza. The team aims to detect flu viruses in humans and pigs, and use computer modeling to analyze virus transmission.
New disease-fighting nanoparticles look like miniature pastries
Researchers developed nanobialys, spherical particles that can deliver drugs and imaging agents directly to tumors and plaques. The manganese-based nanoparticles are safer than gadolinium-containing particles and have shown promise in animal studies.
UCSF researchers identify virus behind mysterious parrot disease
Researchers at UCSF have identified a new virus, Avian Bornavirus (ABV), as the cause of Proventricular Dilation Disease (PDD) in parrots and exotic birds. The discovery could have profound consequences on conservation efforts for endangered species like the Spix's Macaw.
UF study: Isthmus of Panama formed as result of plate tectonics
A new University of Florida study reveals that the Isthmus of Panama was formed by a Central American Peninsula colliding with South America, contradicting previous evidence. The research uses geologic, chemical and biologic methods to date rocks and fossils found in the Gaillard Cut of the Panama Canal.
Energy industry leaders commit $1.6M to UH petroleum program
Two Fortune 500 oil companies, Devon Energy Corp. and Marathon Oil Corp., have pledged major funding to the University of Houston's Cullen College of Engineering. The funds will support a new undergraduate petroleum engineering program with scholarships, textbooks, and state-of-the-art equipment.
Fish with temperature-dependent sex determination face global warming
A study found that fish with temperature-dependent sex determination are more vulnerable to climate change, with increasing temperatures leading to a shift towards males. Small changes in temperature can significantly alter the sex ratio, compromising the viability of some fish populations.
This old healthy house
Researchers found that living in a walkable neighborhood can reduce the risk of obesity by up to six pounds. The study used census data from Salt Lake County and found that neighborhoods built before 1950 were associated with lower BMI values.
New study finds smoking predicts increased stroke risk for your spouse
A new study found that smoking is associated with a higher risk of stroke in spouses, particularly among never-smokers. Quitting smoking eliminates this risk, suggesting the health benefits of cessation extend beyond individual smokers to their partners.
Killer pulses help characterize special surfaces
Scientists at the University of Illinois have devised a method to characterize special surfaces by using a series of killer laser pulses. The technique measures the distribution of site enhancements on the substrate surface, allowing researchers to design better scattering surfaces for sensor applications.
N.Y. research team discovers how antidepressants and cocaine interact with brain cell targets
Scientists from Weill Cornell Medical College and Columbia University Medical Center have described the specifics of how brain cells process antidepressant drugs, cocaine, and amphetamines. Their breakthrough research reveals a finely-tuned process in which two sodium ions bind to enable neural signaling in the brain.
Mason study shows most health department directors see climate change as looming health threat
A new study reveals that most US health department directors view climate change as a significant public health issue, with threats such as heat waves and reduced air quality expected to increase in severity. However, few departments have implemented activities to detect, prevent, or adapt to these health threats.
Scientists race to stay ahead of the drug-taking and genetic manipulation that threatens sport
A major review by leading experts highlights advances made in fighting doping in sport over the last 40 years. The authors emphasize the need for a strong commitment to research, smart sampling strategies, and trustworthy adjudication processes to combat doping.
New research challenges notion that dinosaur soft tissues still survive
Researchers found previously reported dinosaur soft tissues were actually bacterial biofilms, created by bacteria that coated the voids once occupied by blood vessels and cells. The discovery challenges the notion of preserved dinosaur tissues still surviving.
Michael J. Fox Foundation funds $1.1 million for cutting-edge approaches to Parkinson's disease
The Michael J. Fox Foundation has awarded $1.1 million for 15 high-risk, high-reward research projects to explore new approaches to treating Parkinson's disease using gene silencing techniques and induced pluripotent stem cell technology. The funding aims to develop transformative treatments and a cure for PD.
2 different breast cancer screening strategies are equally effective
A study comparing two breast cancer screening strategies in Norway and Vermont found that both approaches were equally sensitive for detecting cancer, with similar age-adjusted screening detection rates. However, the recall rate for abnormal mammograms was lower in Norway, while the rate of interval cancers was higher in Vermont.
Scientists in Hungary and Portugal get research boost
Two scientists, Gergely Szakács from Hungary and Monica Bettencourt-Dias from Portugal, will receive annual funding of €50,000 for three to five years. This grant supports their establishment of research groups in Hungary and Portugal.
Scientists determine strength of 'liquid smoke'
Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have created a 3D image of the material referred to as 'liquid smoke,' also known as aerogel. The study reveals that the lattice structure within aerogel is weaker than expected, with a blob and beam structure explaining its low density.
Most generalists reluctant to provide primary care for young adults with chronic illness
A national survey found that general internists and pediatricians are uncomfortable providing primary care to young adults with cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease. Only 15% of internists said they would be comfortable treating CF patients, while 32% reported the same for SCD.
Searching for shut eye: Penn study identifies possible sleep gene
A recent study published in Science has identified a gene that controls sleep in fruit flies, which may help understand the need for sleep and develop new treatments for insomnia. The Sleepless gene affects homeostatic regulation of sleep, and its mutation led to impaired coordination, restlessness, and reduced lifespan.
Caltech astronomers describe the bar scene at the beginning of the universe
A team of Caltech astronomers reveals that spiral galaxies have more bars than previously thought, with most forming in smaller, low-mass galaxies. The study suggests that bars play a crucial role in galaxy evolution, fueling new star formation and feeding massive black holes.
Elan, Wyeth present encouraging bapineuzumab Phase 2 trial results at ICAD
Bapineuzumab showed potential efficacy signals in treating Alzheimer's disease without a clear dose response. Post-hoc analyses revealed statistically significant benefits in subgroups, including ApoE4 non-carrier patients.
Also in the July 29 JNCI
A new study finds that patient age, predisposition to heart disease, and prior treatments are associated with an individual's risk of developing heart problems following epirubicin treatment. The researchers recommend lowering the cumulative dose recommended for most patients, with maximum doses ranging from 300 mg/m2 to 900 mg/m2.
Cancer research highlights
Medical physicists are developing new imaging technologies to improve breast cancer detection and treatment. Researchers have also identified ways to predict treatment success using oxygen levels within tumors, and are exploring innovative techniques such as modulated electron therapy for shallow tumor treatment.
Hiring away star performers from competitors? Don't bother, says INFORMS study
A recent INFORMS study suggests that hiring top talent from competitors may not lead to improved performance. Instead, the performance of stars depends on firm-specific human capital and colleague relationships. The study's findings warn managers against expecting significant gains from hiring stars.
Researchers discover cell's 'quality control' mechanism
A team of researchers has discovered the key component of a human cell's quality control mechanism, known as ERdj5, which plays a crucial role in degrading misfolded proteins. This breakthrough has significant implications for developing new treatments for cystic fibrosis and other hereditary diseases.
Deportation linked to higher risk of HIV infection in male injection drug users
A bi-national study found that male injection drug users deported from the US to Tijuana have a four-fold higher risk of HIV infection. The study suggests a need for cross-border prevention and treatment programs.
Jackson Laboratory scientists announce mouse sperm cryopreservation breakthrough
Jackson Laboratory scientists have developed a simple and cost-effective method to freeze mouse sperm, achieving high fertilization rates with mouse eggs. This breakthrough will significantly reduce the cost of developing new mouse models for human diseases.
Early study reveals new drug could improve executive function in Alzheimer's patients
Researchers found that PBT2 improves two indicators of executive function in Alzheimer's patients and reduces amyloid beta levels in the spinal fluid. The study suggests that PBT2 may be a promising treatment for improving cognitive performance in early-stage Alzheimer's disease.
August 2008 GEOSPHERE media highlights
This paper describes network analyses capabilities within GIS to describe and quantify shear zone networks. Meanwhile, structural analysis of rockslide avalanches reveals fault structures as fingerprints for motion and emplacement styles.
Women end up less happy than men
Research by Anke Plagnol and Richard Easterlin reveals women's life satisfaction drops after age 48, with men excelling in family and finances. Women's unfulfilled desires contribute to lower overall happiness.
Nanoparticles + light = dead tumor cells
Researchers have developed a novel method to kill tumor cells using nanoparticles and light. The technique employs quantum dots that emit light when exposed to megavoltage x-rays, which triggers the cancer-killing activity of Photofrin. This approach could be more effective in treating deeply seated tumors than current methods.
Bariatric patients have 65% lower chance of complications at top hospitals: HealthGrades study
Top-rated hospitals have significantly higher volumes and lower complication rates for bariatric surgeries. The study found that patients treated at five-star rated hospitals have a 41% lower chance of experiencing one or more inhospital complications compared to three-star rated facilities.
Right place and right time can trigger drinking
Researchers found that physical surroundings where alcohol cues are experienced can greatly influence the ability of those cues to trigger relapse. The study suggests that presenting cues repeatedly in multiple distinct contexts without alcohol can diminish their triggering effect.
European birds flock to warming Britain
Researchers found that warmer temperatures are favouring bird species with southern European ranges, such as the Cirl Bunting and Dartford Warbler, which are becoming more common across Britain. In contrast, northern species like the Fieldfare and Redwing are experiencing declining numbers