Researchers at the Trudeau Institute have discovered a new properties of a potential vaccine adjuvant that suggests it could be useful for enhancing protection against a number of different infections. The discovery provides a promising lead for developing a new class of vaccines.
Researchers found that the loss of elephant bones at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site may have imposed significant nutritional stress on Homo erectus. This led to a shift towards hunting smaller prey, which is evident in the physical appearance of modern humans and suggests their emergence in the Middle East 400,000 years ago.
Mothers working part-time jobs tend to have fewer symptoms of depression and better overall health than those who stay at home. They also show no significant differences in parenting involvement or family life support compared to full-time working mothers.
Researchers identified a high-risk subgroup among older AML patients with mutated ASXL1 gene, showing significantly shorter survival and lower complete remission rates. The study's findings could lead to more effective targeted therapies for these patients.
Raising seedlings with blue light increases crop yield and quality by boosting phenolic compounds. Studies found that blue light-treated seedlings had higher leaf areas, shoot fresh weight, and antioxidant activity compared to those grown under red or white fluorescent light.
A new drug, KPT-SINE, targets CRM1 protein to restore normal cell death pathways in cancer cells. This study provides proof-of-concept data for phase I clinical testing of KPT-SINE in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and related diseases.
A new study found that planting activities significantly improved heart rate variation measurements and decreased cortisol levels in mentally challenged individuals. The most effective activity for stress relief was topiary crafting, which also showed a significant decrease in emotional stability benefits.
Researchers discovered plant bedding with insecticidal properties at a 77,000-year-old South African rock shelter. The bedding, made from sedges and rushes, was used to repel mosquitoes and other insects.
A Northwestern University study identified a gene that prevents blood vessels from forming in the cornea, which is essential for vision. The researchers hope to use this discovery as a basis for gene therapy to treat multiple eye disorders that cause blindness.
A new study published in the Journal of Applied Physiology found that brief high-intensity workouts can rapidly lower blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetics. The study, conducted on eight participants, showed improved glycemic control and increased skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity.
Researchers at Purdue University and USDA develop method to test toxins on Hessian fly larvae, finding potential solution to failing genetic resistance in wheat. They discovered that snowdrop lectin disrupts digestive function in Hessian flies, slowing their development.
A University of Rochester Medical Center study found that nearly 78% of cancer-related blood clots occur in outpatients during chemotherapy treatment. The study's findings suggest a shift towards outpatient care and the need for education and compliance to prevent blood clots.
Researchers have created an interactive map that reveals London's social history in unprecedented detail, mapping information from a vast array of sources. The website allows users to explore the capital's past, including crime and punishment, distribution of wealth and poverty, and ownership of consumer goods.
A new study found that exercising at a very high intensity, but for just 30 minutes a week, can lower blood sugar concentrations and reduce post-meal spikes. This short, high-intensity training regimen increased skeletal mitochondrial capacity, a marker of metabolic health.
A sports medicine expert warns NBA players about the potential for serious injuries, particularly Achilles tendon injuries, due to prolonged lockouts. The expert cites a study from the NFL, which found a significant increase in career-threatening injuries after training camps began with minimal preparation.
Tomato and watermelon crops show higher capacity for carbon fixation under saline conditions. In contrast, lettuce, melon, and pepper crops have lower photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll content, indicating reduced efficiency in CO2 accumulation.
Researchers discovered that intestinal B cells acquire functions allowing them to neutralize pathogens while in the gut, a complex balance between beneficial and harmful bacteria. This finding provides insight into the immune system's ability to fight infection without damaging beneficial bacteria and other essential cells.
Researchers have discovered a novel route for synthesizing EMT zeolites with large pores at near ambient temperature and low pressure. This approach avoids the use of expensive templates, enabling potential industrial applications in catalysis and adsorption.
Medical researchers created 'conversation cards' to facilitate open discussions between parents and health professionals about pediatric weight management. The deck of cards, piloted in January 2012, aims to reduce power differentials and promote a more supportive conversation.
African lungfish demonstrates unique walking behavior using its thin pelvic limbs, propelling itself forward and lifting its body off the bottom surface. This discovery suggests that many developments necessary for the transition from water to land could have occurred in lobe-finned ancestors of the lungfish long before early tetrapods.
Researchers analyzed data from 8972 patients with heart blockages to understand variations in cardiac procedures, including bypass surgery and stent placement. They found significant differences in procedure rates based on patient factors, physician recommendations, and hospital characteristics.
Researchers at UWE Bristol and University of Bristol discovered that mutations in one specific cancer gene can control splicing balance, allowing a master switch to be turned on. This enables the growth of cancer cells and blood vessels, but new drugs targeting this process may block tumour growth.
Researchers from RUB have deciphered the role of proteins in cell environment, revealing tenascin C's crucial function in regulating astrocyte development. The absence of tenascin C leads to delayed cell division and migration, resulting in an increased number of mature astrocytes.
Researchers halt progressive neuron degeneration in rat model of familial ALS by switching off mutant TDP-43 expression. Recovery is possible if intervention occurs before significant motor neuron degeneration.
Researchers from the University of Edinburgh developed an imaging technique using positron emission tomography (PET) scans to predict which patients need open heart surgery. The study found that inflammation and calcification processes are key factors in aortic stenosis, offering new hope for treatments.
University of Iowa researchers have found a way to cure mice of bloodstream malaria infections by rescuing an immune system pathway. The study's findings suggest that blocking the action of inhibitory receptor molecules could be an effective strategy for treating existing malaria infections.
Researchers found that tea seed powder can either increase or decrease plant growth depending on the application dose. The study suggests that using TSP at the correct dose could improve crop yields and quality in agriculture and horticulture operations.
Researchers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute have created a peptide cocktail that sparks a stronger diverse immune response in laboratory culture than individual peptides. The combination of four antigenic peptides is believed to provide an effective therapeutic application for patients with multiple myeloma and related diseases.
A Duke University study found increased salinity and trace elements in the Upper Mud River due to multiple surface coal mines. The research provides evidence of the cumulative effects of mountaintop mining on a river network.
The NDAR federation has created the largest source of autism research data to date, providing a standardized platform for collaboration and data sharing. Researchers can access results from various sources simultaneously, conducting independent analyses and supplementing their own research data.
A study from Northwestern University found that banned technical swimsuits played a significant role in the unprecedented number of world records set in swimming during the 2009 world championships. The suits were suspected of reducing drag, improving buoyancy, and compressing muscles, leading to enhanced performance.
Researchers sequenced DNA from two sisters with follicular lymphoma and found identical BCL2/IGH rearrangements. The study identified 15 mutations that were present in both lymphomas, indicating a donor-recipient transmission of cancer-causing genetic material.
Research by University of Warwick finds that changes in soil temperature trigger sensitivity to plant hormones in seeds, altering dormancy depth. This regulation can help predict the impact of climate change on native flora and crop competition.
A recent clinical trial in patients with hemophilia B showed that Factor IX gene therapy was able to convert severe hemophilia to moderate or mild disease. The treatment demonstrated a sustained therapeutic effect and eliminated or substantially reduced the need for standard protein replacement.
Researchers discovered a new bacterial signal that enables invading bacteria to coordinate attacks on plants, but also triggers a defense response in targeted rice plants. The study found that the protein Ax21 is secreted by bacteria and induces an immune response in rice, leading to a stronger defense against infection.
A new analysis by Michigan Technological University researchers suggests that solar photovoltaic systems can make electricity cheaper than what consumers pay their utilities. The study reveals that previous assumptions about the cost of solar energy were overly conservative, and that the true cost of photovoltaic technology is lower th...
Inaccurate blood pressure measurements from faulty techniques result in misclassified patients and potentially different treatment decisions. A study published by the University of New Mexico found that 93% of patients have different blood pressure readings when using outdated versus updated guidelines.
A UC Davis School of Medicine researcher has developed an algorithm that predicts the conformation changes in voltage-gated sodium channels, crucial for designing new drugs to treat chronic pain and epilepsy. This innovation could lead to highly specific and effective therapies with minimal side effects.
A new study published in Journal of Arid Environments found that climate change is causing widespread tree mortality and species loss in the Sahel region of Africa, with one in six trees dying between 1954 and 2002.
A new study by Michigan State University researcher Brooke Ingersoll found that teaching imitation skills to toddlers and preschoolers with autism improves key areas of deficit, such as eye contact and gestures. The findings come at a pivotal time in autism research, which is detecting behaviors and symptoms earlier than ever before.
A California hospital raised its employee influenza vaccination rate above 90 percent by implementing a mandatory vaccination policy. The study, published in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, found that voluntary programs alone were insufficient to achieve meaningful increases in flu vaccination rates.
An interdisciplinary research team at WPI will develop an integrated application to track blood sugar levels, weight, and image analysis of lesions. The app aims to provide personalized feedback to encourage patients to make good decisions and improve outcomes.
Researchers used decoded fMRI neurofeedback to induce brain activity patterns, improving visual performance and learning in a novel approach. The method worked even when test subjects were not aware of what they were learning.
Researchers analyzed over 150,000 adult ADHD users and found no significant association between current use of ADHD medications and an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, or sudden cardiac death. Cardiovascular disease rates were similar among new and ever-users of these medications.
A new study found that mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays a key role in targeting and destroying dengue viruses. Individuals with high levels of MBL may be better equipped to fight off the disease. This discovery could lead to the development of antivirals and vaccines to boost the immune response.
Addiction is a chronic neurobiologic response affected by genetic and environmental influences. Treatment approaches should be based on scientific evidence and rational argument, acknowledging personal responsibility while recognizing the role of addiction in impairing it.
Researchers found that early defoliation of Great Lakes wine grapes significantly reduces fruit set, cluster weight, and berries per cluster. The study suggests that retaining non-fruiting shoots with all leaves could mitigate the negative carryover effect on vine performance.
A recent study published in Preventive Medicine found that individuals exposed to the 9/11 disaster are at risk of developing heart disease, respiratory illness, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Volunteers who were not affiliated with organizations were more highly exposed to hazardous chemicals and had poorer health outcomes.
By using diamonds and dust to simulate extreme pressures, researchers gained new insights into calcium-silicate-hydrate, a critical binder in concrete. The study aims to reduce carbon emissions and create stronger, more efficient cements.
Autism Speaks has joined the National Institute of Health's National Database for Autism Research (NDAR), providing access to genetic, phenotypic, and clinical data from 2500 families. This collaboration enables researchers to pool larger datasets and accelerate scientific discovery.
A NYBG scientist estimates that at least 540 to 653 new drugs could be discovered from plants, with potentially thousands more waiting to be evaluated. This analysis highlights the potential value of continuing to screen plants for novel bioactive compounds.
A study found that half of tumors from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients expressed genes normally found in stem cells and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) tumors. Additionally, many of these AML-like T-ALL tumors contained specific mutations associated with cancer progression.
A Wayne State University researcher is using zebrafish to study the spread of cholera and develop new treatments. The bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, can cause severe diarrhea and death if ingested by humans.
Researchers at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf have measured the lifetime of electrons in graphene in lower energy ranges. The study reveals that the energy of light particles and atomic lattice oscillations influence electron lifetimes, with longer lifetimes observed when excitation energies are lower than lattice oscillations.
A recent study examines the explanations for the math 'gender gap' and finds that many hypotheses fail to hold up. The research suggests that sociocultural factors, such as education and school attendance patterns, contribute to country-specific differences in boys' and girls' mathematics performance.
A new study by Sandipan Chowdhury and Baron Chanda from the University of Wisconsin-Madison provides a model-free analysis of the free energy of channel opening, offering a rare example of thermodynamic reasoning. This approach circumvents the challenges of model fitting, providing a path forward for researchers in the field.
A new device, designed to mimic the periosteum, has shown promising results in healing critical-sized bone defects in sheep. The device delivers stem cells, growth factors, and natural components of the periosteum to promote bone growth, and can be used for a range of applications beyond bone healing.
Research by Cornell University and Rutgers University found that bees and flowering plants are keeping pace with climate change, arriving earlier in the spring. This shift has been observed since 1970, when warming temperatures accelerated most rapidly, according to the study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
A rare genetic disorder has provided insight into pancreatic development, suggesting that GATA6 plays a crucial role in programming stem cells to become pancreatic cells. The study sheds light on the underlying causes of most cases of pancreatic agenesis and may help develop new treatments for type 1 diabetes.
Researchers are studying ways anti-trafficking groups fight back against globalization's impact on sex trafficking. The study focuses on geography, history, and economic impact of trafficking, highlighting how technology and transportation have enabled the transnationalization of the sex trade.
A recent study has found that many US species at risk of extinction are not on the country's official Endangered Species Act (ESA) list. The IUCN Red List, a leading global threatened species list, reveals that up to 95% of certain species groups are missing from the ESA.
A new study published in Addiction journal found that alcohol consumption directly impacts a person's intention to have unsafe sex. The study analyzed 12 experiments and found a significant increase in the likelihood of unprotected sex with rising blood alcohol levels.
A study of over 150,000 adults aged 25-64 found no significant link between ADHD medication use and serious cardiovascular events such as heart attacks or strokes. The researchers compared users to non-users and also examined risk in subgroups defined by the type of medication used.
Scientists have discovered a new communication code employed by disease-causing bacteria, which is recognized by plant and animal immune receptors. This discovery has significant implications for controlling bacterial diseases and could lead to new methods for treatment.
A new study assesses the effects of malaria and its treatment in the first trimester of pregnancy, revealing that the disease increases the risk of miscarriage. However, treating with standard antimalarial drugs reduces this risk significantly.
A Phase II clinical trial of 75 AML patients treated with vorinostat and chemotherapy resulted in an 85% remission rate. Higher-risk patients showed a complete response rate of 100%, while those with -5/-7 cytogenetic alterations fared less well. The Phase III trial will compare this combination to standard-of-care frontline therapies.
A standard chemotherapy regimen has been shown to increase survival rates in patients with limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. This finding is significant, as it may lead to reduced radiation exposure and lower risk of long-term complications.
Researchers at the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia have uncovered a molecular mechanism that enables cells to accurately inherit non-genetic information, such as protein structures. This epigenetic memory is crucial for maintaining genome organization and preventing errors in cell division, which can lead to cancer.
A new study finds that gift givers who bundle an expensive gift with a smaller item tend for recipients to perceive the overall package as less valuable. This phenomenon, known as the Presenter's Paradox, can be seen in various contexts beyond gift giving, including presentations of information and decision-making processes.
Scientists at Johns Hopkins have found that PARP inhibitors can block the ability of pre-leukemic cells to repair broken DNA, leading to their self-destruction. The treatment has shown promise in clinical trials for patients with aggressive myeloproliferative disorders.
A team of researchers has identified markers that may enable liver transplant recipients to be weaned off their immunosuppressive drugs. Higher blood levels of iron-handling proteins and specific gene expressions in the liver can predict which patients are suitable for drug-weaning protocols.
Researchers have identified a protein that contributes to brain tumor resistance to chemotherapy, while also developing a way to predict which liver transplant patients can be weaned off immunosuppressive drugs. High levels of APNG in GBM cells correlated with poorer survival rates, suggesting it may serve as a biomarker for treatment ...
Researchers found that patients who consistently take their prescribed dose of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) medication can prevent up to a quarter of severe asthma attacks. Taking at least 75% of the prescribed dose is crucial, according to the study.
Scientists have identified a gene mutation that underlies the vast majority of cases of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. The mutation causes tumor cells to produce a distorted protein, leading to activation of NF-kB and growth of Waldenstrom's tumor cells.
A large retrospective study of childhood cancer survivors found no increased risk of birth defects in their children. Researchers examined data from over 20,000 survivors and found that exposure to chemotherapy and radiation did not lead to genetic birth defects.
A study by Rhode Island Hospital researchers found a 74 percent greater risk of overdose among HIV-infected drug users, attributed to biological and behavioral factors. The study suggests that access to medication-assisted therapy, highly active antiretroviral therapy, and naloxone can help reduce this increased risk.
Two world's smallest surviving babies, Madeline and Rumaisa, have normal motor and language development despite extremely low birth weights. Advances in neonatal care have enabled the survival of smaller newborns, but successful outcomes are not typical for all micropreemies.
A survey of US human embryonic stem cell researchers found nearly four in ten faced excessive delay acquiring a line, while over one-quarter were unable to get the line they needed. The main reasons for these issues include material transfer agreements, research approval, and federal policies.
Researchers have developed a therapy using FT1050 that improves stem cell engraftment in umbilical cord blood transplant recipients, allowing for faster recovery and reduced complications. The treatment accelerates the process of stem cells taking root in patients, resulting in improved outcomes.
Researchers at TUM have developed a molecular switch with a surface area of one square nanometer, controlled by transferring protons within a porphyrin ring. The switch can be set to four distinct states and operated up to 500 times per second.
Researchers found that as spider size decreases, brain size increases proportionally, with even the smallest spiders able to weave webs and perform complex behaviors.
A recent international data analysis on school mathematics performance found that social and cultural factors, not biology, contribute to the math-gender gap. Countries with better gender equity have higher math scores for both boys and girls.
Researchers have found two new species of the miniaturized frog genus Paedophryne in southeastern New Guinea. The tiny frogs have reduced digit sizes and inhabit leaf litter, reflecting their adaptation to a unique food source.
A new study is assessing the feasibility of identifying specific genetic markers in cancer patients' tumours to deliver more targeted treatments. The Lawson research team has developed a process for analyzing tumour DNA to provide a genetic profile report within three weeks, helping oncologists create tailored treatment plans.
A multicenter study found ruxolinitib significantly reduces symptoms of myelofibrosis, including pain and enlarged spleen, compared to placebo. The study also showed ruxolinitib is more effective than best available chemotherapies in reducing symptoms.
Researchers have developed a new method to analyze electrical activity in the brain, enabling better diagnosis and treatment of brain illnesses. The technique can help identify impending seizures and paralysis, allowing for more effective interventions.
Researchers aim to identify mechanisms that define embryonic olfactory epithelium stem cells, which are linked to neurological and psychiatric diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The goal is to harness these mechanisms for brain repair and regeneration.
A new article explores how people justify and defend corrupt systems, citing factors such as system threat, dependence, inescapability, and low personal control. The research sheds light on the conditions that make people resistant to change and open to acknowledging its necessity.
A recent study surveying tree fruit professionals found that the main concerns about new technologies are equipment cost, reliability of harvest assist systems, and sensor systems. Regional differences were also observed, with eastern US growers emphasizing price points and irrigation concerns.
Researchers have discovered two massive black holes, each with a mass equivalent to 10 billion suns, in nearby galaxies. These 'sleeping giants' are thought to be remnants of quasars that powered the early universe.
Researchers at Boston University School of Medicine have identified the A2b adenosine receptor as a potential new target for preventing early stages of atherosclerosis. The study found that the receptor plays a key role in regulating liver lipid profiles and reducing atherosclerosis in mice on high-fat diets.
Researchers found that patients receiving bone marrow transplants from unrelated donors had the same survival rates as those receiving blood stem cell transplants. However, PBSCs resulted in better engraftment but higher rates of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a serious post-transplant complication.
Duke University engineers developed a way to produce thermal diodes that can transfer heat in both directions, overcoming existing limitations. The method uses self-propelled water droplets to transport heat, enabling applications in energy-efficient solar panels and compact electronics.
Researchers discovered nine frequently mutated genes in CLL that may help predict disease progression and guide treatment. The study identified new cancer pathway aberrant RNA splicing, which could lead to novel targeted treatments.
Scientists developed a vaccine that reduces tumors by 80% in mouse models of breast and pancreatic cancer. The vaccine uses a unique carbohydrate signature to train the immune system to target cancer cells.
A comprehensive supply chain map reveals challenges in accessing anti-malarial drugs in Africa due to economic, political and infrastructural barriers. Local transport options like donkey carts and bicycles should be considered for rural areas.
A new fracture control plan for steel bridges aims to reduce the risk of failure through improved material selection, design, and inspection. The plan has the potential to save costs on maintenance budgets by identifying critical members that need protection from brittle fracture.
Researchers detect hippocampal atrophy in Parkinson's patients with cognitive impairment, leading to early cognitive decline. A newly developed structural pattern identifies diffuse gray and white matter atrophy associated with dementia in Parkinson's disease.
Experts discuss how advances in neuroscience affect the judicial system, from challenging legal policies to aiding in diagnoses of psychological conditions. Brain maturity is a critical issue in assessing teenage crimes, while addiction affects sentencing decisions.
Researchers at University College Dublin have identified a genetic alteration causing anophthalmia, a condition where children are born without eyes. The STRA6 gene plays a crucial role in vitamin A transport, and alterations in this gene can lead to eye malformations.
A new study published in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology found that patients moved into isolation during hospitalization are nearly twice as likely to develop delirium. The researchers suggest that underlying illness may be the cause of this association.
A team of US-based and Rwandan physicians have developed an innovative approach to delivering expert care to children with lymphoma in rural Rwanda. Through this 'twinning' model, American-trained pediatricians supervise Rwandan-trained generalists, supported by weekly conference calls from U.S.-based pediatric oncologists.
Researchers recreated universe's first billion years using largest cosmological simulation to date. Thin streams of cold gas flowed into early black holes, causing rapid growth and challenging astrophysical theory.
A Rutgers study found that New Jersey children experienced improved access to dental care between 2001 and 2009, but gaps remain based on race/ethnicity, health insurance status, and family income. Non-Hispanic black children were more likely to receive dental care, while Hispanic and uninsured children had lower rates.
Research reveals that most seabirds are free of malaria parasites, but certain groups like frigatebirds and birds with longer fledgling periods are more susceptible. Climate conditions do play a role, but not as expected, with warmer temperatures increasing rates of infection.
Researchers are conducting a study to examine the effects of exercise and computerized memory training on executive function in people with Parkinson's disease. The goal is to determine if these interventions can slow or reverse memory changes and improve cognitive function.
A study reveals that plant cells use sugar to control the size of plasmodesmata, regulating the passage of signaling molecules. This spatial and temporal control influences root formation during plant development.
Researchers identified a key protein mutation that enables brain tumors to invade healthy brain tissue. Excessive epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signals trigger the production of GBP1, rendering tumors more invasive and allowing them to spread into surrounding tissue.
Researchers found that strip-till improved nutrient uptake and increased yield in soybeans, but had no impact on yield when fertilizers were applied through broadcast or deep banding methods. Subsurface banding of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers may reduce surface phosphorus levels and offer environmental benefits.
Researchers at IUPUI have created a line of lab mice that prefer alcohol over water and binge drink like humans. These mice can reach blood-alcohol levels of over 260mg/dl, allowing scientists to study the genetic and behavioral determinants of alcoholism.
A new analysis found that breast cancer survivors may experience mental abilities problems several years after treatment, regardless of therapy type. Chemotherapy was linked to persistent cognitive issues, while radiation also caused similar problems in some cases.
A team of researchers identified APNG as a contributor to GBM resistance to temozolomide, with high nuclear expression correlating to poorer survival. Monitoring APNG levels may provide insight into patient response to temozolomide treatment.
Researchers at Texas A&M AgriLife Communications identified heat-tolerant rose varieties that performed well despite extreme temperatures. These plants exhibit high levels of black spot tolerance and produce abundant white, single flowers.
New research by William Anderegg and colleagues reveals that carbon starvation is unlikely to be the primary cause of tree death during droughts. The study found significant losses of function in the trees' water-transportation systems, especially in the roots, resulting in a 70% loss of water conductivity.
Researchers developed a method to detect cognitive decline in Parkinson's patients using MRI brain scans, revealing higher Alzheimer's patterns of atrophy predict worsening cognition. The study found an overlap between the two neurodegenerative diseases, raising hopes for early diagnosis and treatment.
A study in Pakistan reveals trends and potential for export-quality rose products, with more than half of growers entering the business in the last five years. However, the industry faces challenges such as outdated production systems, limited greenhouses, and lack of professional education.
A team of researchers at UCSF has discovered that tiny immune cells called macrophages can switch on the brown fat in response to cold temperatures, inducing it to burn energy and produce heat. This finding suggests that the immune system plays a role in thermoregulation, potentially leading to new strategies for enhancing metabolism.