New clues found to vision loss in macular degeneration?
Researchers identified a pathway that leads to atypical blood vessel formation in age-related macular degeneration. Inhibiting this pathway may halt or restore sight in people with the disease.
Science News for August 11, 2015
Hepatitis C infection may fuel heart risk
A new Johns Hopkins study finds that people infected with hepatitis C virus are at increased risk of cardiovascular damage, independent of HIV. Chronic infection leads to abnormal fat-and-calcium plaques in arteries, a common precursor to heart attacks and strokes.
Receptors in brain linked to schizophrenia, autism
New research links mGluR5 receptor loss in parvalbumin-positive interneurons to neurodevelopmental disorders like autism and schizophrenia. The study suggests that alteration of these receptors may be a critical step in the formation of some neurodevelopmental disorders, with potential for reversal.
Discovery in growing graphene nanoribbons could enable faster, more efficient electronics
University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers have discovered a way to grow graphene nanoribbons directly on germanium semiconductor wafers, overcoming precision and edge quality issues. The technique enables the mass production of nanoribbons with desirable semiconducting properties for high-performance electronics.
In vitro fertilization using frozen eggs associated with lower live birth rates
A study published in JAMA found that using frozen donor eggs for IVF is linked to lower live birth rates compared to fresh eggs. The study analyzed data from over 11,000 cycles and found that per started cycle, the live birth rate was 43% with frozen eggs vs 50% with fresh eggs.
Could flu someday be prevented without a vaccine?
Researchers have discovered a way to trigger a preventive response to flu infections by boosting the level of IFITM3 protein in cells, preventing cell infection. The method involves inhibiting NEDD4 enzyme, which degrades IFITM3, allowing for sustained production and enhanced resistance to flu viruses.
Controlling feral animals & plants will save unique species & $billions
A three-year study led by QUT found that controlling feral pigs is the most cost-effective strategy to conserve 148 endangered plant and animal species in the Lake Eyre Basin. Implementing these strategies could increase food production by up to 10% and save the Australian economy $5 billion annually.
Dog food processing methods answering questions
Researchers investigated dog food processing methods to combat pet obesity, finding that particle size affects digestibility. Maize and sorghum-based diets required coarser grinding for optimal gelatinization, whereas rice-based diets were more easily digested regardless of particle size.
Researchers explain why the Greenwich prime meridian moved
Researchers found that a slight deflection in natural gravity at Greenwich causes the offset. The study's findings confirm that newer technologies like GPS have replaced traditional methods of determining longitude.
Study shifts understanding of how bone fractures heal
A team of Vanderbilt investigators has discovered that fibrin breakdown is essential for fracture healing, contradicting previous assumptions. The findings have significant implications for efforts to promote fracture repair and may lead to new treatments by reducing or enhancing fibrin levels.
SourceVanderbilt University Medical Center·JournalJournal of Clinical Investigation·DateAug 11, 2015
The brain is not as cramped as we thought
EPFL scientists have developed a new method called cryofixation to preserve the brain's true structure, overcoming distortion caused by traditional fixation methods. This breakthrough allows for unprecedented detail in brain imaging and has significant implications for understanding brain anatomy and function.
Trans fats, but not saturated fats, linked to greater risk of death and heart disease
A study published in The BMJ found that trans fats are associated with a greater risk of death and coronary heart disease, but saturated fats are not. The study suggests that industrial trans fats may increase the risk of coronary heart disease and calls for a review of dietary guidelines.
Furthering data analysis of next-generation sequencing to facilitate research
BioWardrobe, a user-friendly platform, enables researchers to analyze large transcriptomic and epigenomic datasets without programming expertise. The platform was developed to bridge the gap between data and knowledge, facilitating research on basic biology and disease.
Skeletal muscle atrophy in congestive heart failure
Researchers from MDC and Charité elucidate the process of skeletal muscle atrophy in patients with congestive heart failure, identifying a new regulator and signaling pathway. The study reveals that angiotensin II induces muscle atrophy through the activation of MuRF1, but also highlights potential therapeutic targets to prevent furthe...
SourceMax Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association·JournalCirculation Research·DateAug 11, 2015
Johns Hopkins, Mayo experts suggest upgrades to current heart disease prevention guideline
Johns Hopkins and Mayo experts suggest upgrades to current heart disease prevention guideline, focusing on improved risk prediction and personalized treatment. The new guidelines aim to clarify key points of confusion related to risk prediction and treatment of heart attacks and strokes, promoting more precise and tailored care.
Insulin pump reduces mortality from cardiovascular disease by almost 50 percent
A study published in the British Medical Journal found that insulin pump users had a substantially lower risk of dying from cardiovascular disease than those using multiple daily injections. The researchers believe more frequent monitoring and training may be key to the therapy's benefits.
Georgia dialysis facility referral rate for kidney transplants is low and variable
A new study found that only one in four patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Georgia was referred to a transplant center for evaluation within one year of starting dialysis. The study also revealed substantial variation in referral rates among dialysis facilities.
How do fire emissions from industrial plantations affect air quality in Equatorial SEA?
Researchers used satellite observations and atmospheric modeling to calculate the impact of fires from industrial concessions on air quality. The study found that these fires contribute significantly to air pollution, particularly in regions with degraded peatlands and deforested areas.
Using online health forums to serve underserved communities
A recent study by University of California, Riverside researchers found that men and women use social media and online health forums differently. Women primarily use these platforms to discuss specific health conditions, whereas men focus on health news and healthcare policy. This research can help public health officers target underre...
SourceUniversity of California - Riverside·JournalJournal of Medical Internet Research·DateAug 11, 2015
UK bottom of European avoidable food waste league
The UK is the worst offender in European avoidable food waste, with nearly 80% of all food waste being avoidable. The study found that vegetables, fruit and cereals contribute most to lost resources, while meat production uses more resources in the first place.
Solving a long-standing atomic mass difference puzzle paves way to the neutrino mass
A team of scientists resolved a discrepancy in the decay energy of Holmium-163, paving the way for measuring the neutrino mass. The research used the Penning-trap mass spectrometer SHIPTRAP and confirmed a decay energy of 2,833 eV with high precision.
New biomarkers show exercise helps reduce daytime sleep disorder, researchers find
Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center found that exercise can help alleviate excessive daytime sleepiness in depressed individuals by reducing two biological markers associated with hypersomnia. The study identified the biomarkers and showed that exercise reduced their levels, resulting in improved symptoms.
CMR induced in pure lanthanum manganite
Scientists successfully induced colossal magnetoresistance in pure lanthanum manganite for the first time using high-pressure conditions. The phenomenon occurs when the competition between two phases is at its maximum, driving the transition from an insulator to a metal. This breakthrough has significant implications for harnessing col...
SourceCarnegie Institution for Science·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateAug 11, 2015
The ethics and risks of expecting teen siblings to be transplant donors
A new study highlights the unique challenges of adolescent sibling stem cell donation, including health risks, pain, and psychological burdens. The authors argue that the role of siblings in providing life-sustaining stem cells has been taken for granted.
SourceMary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News·JournalJournal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology·DateAug 11, 2015
SAGE to launch Scars, Burns & Healing in partnership with The Katie Piper Foundation
The new journal aims to publish current research on scars, burns, and healing from a range of clinical and academic authors. The partnership between SAGE and The Katie Piper Foundation seeks to improve the delivery of burns rehabilitation and scar management.
NASA analyzes Typhoon Soudelor's rainfall
Typhoon Soudelor produced over two feet of rainfall when it made landfall in China and Taiwan, with the rugged terrain amplifying totals to 1320 mm (52 inches) in Taiwan. NASA estimated the rainfall using data from its Global Precipitation Measurement mission.
Trans fats, but not saturated fats, linked to greater risk of death and heart disease
A study published in the British Medical Journal found that trans fats are associated with a 34% increase in death for any reason, while saturated fats showed no clear association with an increased risk of death or heart disease. However, researchers recommend replacing high-fat foods with vegetable oils, nuts, and whole grains.
Keystone Symposia announces new three-year, multi-million-dollar grant
Keystone Symposia has received a five-year, $2.25 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to support Global Health Series meetings and Travel Awards for scientific investigators and clinicians from low and middle-income countries.
Study finds low rate of dialysis facility referral for kidney transplantation evaluation
A study found that only about one in four patients with end-stage renal disease in Georgia were referred for kidney transplant evaluation within a year of starting dialysis. The study suggests that standardized guidelines are needed to improve access to kidney transplantation.
Penn study details 'rotten egg' gas' role in autoimmune disease
A new Penn study found that hydrogen sulfide regulates Treg cells by modifying a transcription factor called NFYB, leading to improved function and development of these regulatory cells. The study suggests potential therapeutic interventions for autoimmune diseases, cancer, and hypertension.
SwRI scientists study nitrogen provision for Pluto's atmosphere
SwRI scientists suggest that geologic activity brings nitrogen up from Pluto's interior to resupply its atmosphere. They also consider the possibility of cryovolcanism and ongoing geysers as sources of nitrogen.
NHS trusts with largest deficits are least able to end costly private sector deals
NHS trusts under severe financial pressure are least likely to terminate expensive PFI contracts, warns expert. Alternative solutions, such as adjusting commissioner payments to compensate for capital costs, are considered more effective.
Illinois researchers construct atomic model of an immature retrovirus
Researchers constructed an atomic model of an immature retrovirus, revealing key structural features and a six-helix bundle domain that may be a target for blocking the virus. This breakthrough could lead to the development of new anti-retroviral drugs.
C-sections could influence babies' ability to focus
A study by Scott Adler and Audrey Wong-Kee-You found that C-sections influence spatial attention in babies, slowing their ability to prioritize and focus on a particular area or object. In contrast, cognitive-driven attention remained unaffected.
Paving the way for a faster quantum computer
Researchers have successfully implemented superposition of quantum gates, allowing for increased efficiency in quantum computations. This breakthrough could pave the way for faster quantum computers.
AGS and ADGAP co-management plan for hip fractures sees geriatrics mending more than bones
A national co-management intervention aims to improve person-centered care outcomes and decrease healthcare spending. The program, supported by the John A. Hartford Foundation, positions geriatrics professionals as co-leaders in pre- and post-operative management of older adults with fragility fractures.
Energy expenditure increases after gastric bypass surgery
Researchers found that gastric bypass surgery enhances energy expenditure, allowing patients to lose and maintain weight over time. The study used a metabolic chamber to track the body's energy requirements before and after surgery.
Book series Topics in Current Chemistry to be relaunched as online journal
The book series will be published in six electronic issues per year, featuring topical review articles covering present and future trends in modern chemical research. This format allows for faster indexing, discovery, and citation of contributions.
Testing testosterone: Trial finds no link to hardening of the arteries
A three-year clinical trial found no link between testosterone administration and atherosclerosis progression, sexual function, or quality of life in older men. The study suggests that testosterone should not be used indiscriminately by men, as it may not provide benefits for these outcomes.
The evolution of beer
A new study reveals that lager yeasts originated from a hybrid of two yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. eubayanus, with two independent origin events detected. The findings suggest that domestication for beer making has placed yeast on similar evolutionary trajectories multiple times.
SourceSMBE Journals (Molecular Biology and Evolution and Genome Biology and Evolution)·JournalMolecular Biology and Evolution·DateAug 11, 2015
One technique therapists use that really helps depressed patients
Researchers found that therapists using Socratic questioning techniques led to substantial improvements in depressive symptoms for patients. The therapy involves guided questions to help patients re-examine their negative thoughts and gain a broader perspective.
Device may detect urinary tract infections faster
A Lab-on-a-Disc platform developed by German and Irish researchers detects bacterial species causing urinary tract infections in 70 minutes, significantly reducing wait times compared to traditional methods.
New breath test shows possible biomarker for early-stage liver disease diagnosis
Researchers found a potential biomarker, limonene, in breath samples of patients with cirrhosis, which gradually dropped after liver transplant. The study aims to develop a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early-stage liver disease diagnosis.
NSU researchers find more strategic culling needed to reduce lionfish invasion
Researchers at Nova Southeastern University found that localized derby efforts are insufficient to curb the lionfish population, emphasizing the need for consistent removal across all areas of their habitat. The study recommends targeting all lionfish ages and sizes, as well as considering ocean currents' impact on larvae spread.
Testosterone supplementation does not result in progression of atherosclerosis
A 3-year testosterone supplementation study found no significant association between treatment and atherosclerosis progression. The trial also showed no improvements in sexual function or quality of life, despite increased hematocrit and prostate-specific antigen levels.
UMass Amherst computer scientists introduce new graphics software
The researchers developed a new algorithm using geometric matching and machine learning to analyze style similarity in 3D objects. They achieved an agreement rate of 90% with human evaluations, making it a valuable tool for computer graphics applications.
Cutting costs: Sustainability matters even in complex networks
Northeastern University researchers introduce a new metric called 'control energy' to characterize the effort needed to control real-world complex systems. This enables a kind of network cost-benefit analysis, allowing scientists to identify the minimum number of driver nodes required for input signals and optimize network control.
IASLC announces recipients of advocacy travel awards
The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) has selected 5 advocates to attend the 16th World Conference on Lung Cancer, where they will share and learn strategies to increase awareness. The recipients include Hildreth Grossman, Kathleen Mewhiney, Victor Lasebikan, Seda Kansu, and Tetsuya Yamaoka.
California's Jerusalem fire at night
The Suomi NPP satellite captured a stunning night-time image of the Jerusalem Fire in California, revealing its massive size and location. The fire has covered over 12,000 acres and is being managed by Cal Fire.
Chitin of insects and crustaceans found to be active against pathogenic microorganisms
Researchers discovered that chitosan, derived from insect and crustacean shells, can effectively destroy up to 90% of pathogens in selected cell cultures. This biopolymer has been found toxic to pathogenic microorganisms, disrupting their membranes without harming healthy cells.
Loss of altruism (and a body plan) without a loss of genes
Researchers found that the evolutionary loss of the worker caste in ants is not accompanied by a loss of genes. Instead, most genes are expressed in both queens and workers, but often at different points in development. Regulatory changes may have facilitated the evolution of sociality.
Behaviors linked to adult crime differ between abused boys and girls, study finds
A new study from the University of Washington suggests that abusive children can exhibit either 'externalizing' (arguing, disobedience, fighting) or 'internalizing' (depression, withdrawal) behaviors, which are predictors of later criminal activity. Abused girls who internalize their emotions are more likely to commit crimes as adults.
Predators might not be dazzled by stripes
Research suggests that stripes do not provide an advantage for animals living in groups when multiple targets are presented simultaneously. This contradicts the long-held assumption that stripes evolved to make it difficult for predators to capture animals moving in a group.
NASA's RapidScat sees Hurricane Hilda's strongest winds on northern side
Hurricane Hilda's strongest winds were detected by NASA's RapidScat instrument on the storm's northern side, reaching speeds of 73 mph. The center of the hurricane is expected to bring heavy rain, life-threatening flash floods, and large ocean swells to Hawaiian Islands over the next few days.
Saving the unloved, one crowd at a time
A new study from WCS uses the Wisdom of Crowds method to assess the conservation status of the Manus green tree snail, a species found only on Manus Island in Papua New Guinea. The approach involves surveying a large number of people to generate estimates of the snail's range, distribution, and decline rate.
'Machine teaching' holds the power to illuminate human learning
Researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison are developing a new approach called machine teaching, which uses sophisticated mathematics to model human learners and devise the best possible lessons. This method has immense potential to impact education by providing optimal, personalized lessons for students in various fields.
Ethylene production via sunlight opens door to future
Scientists at NREL have successfully produced ethylene through photosynthesis using cyanobacteria, a breakthrough that could reduce carbon dioxide emissions and provide an alternative to traditional fossil fuel-based production. The method has been improved significantly since its initial discovery in 2010, with the goal of increasing ...
Georgia State School of Public Health to help Fulton County with tobacco studies
The Georgia State School of Public Health will conduct research on smoking prevalence and attitudes towards second-hand smoke in Fulton County. The project aims to inform efforts aimed at improving the environment around tobacco use and creating more smoke-free spaces.
Droplets levitate on a cushion of blue light
Scientists applied over 50 volts across a weak hydrochloric acid drop, causing it to rise into the air above a glowing plasma layer. The effect is similar to Leidenfrost levitation but uses electricity instead of heat.
Research advances potential for test and vaccine for genital and oral herpes
New studies at Johns Hopkins Medicine have made significant progress in developing a universally accurate diagnostic test for human herpes simplex viruses (HSV). Researchers also hope to create a vaccine that protects against the virus. The breakthrough is expected to improve screening tools, particularly in Africa where rates of HIV a...
Cheaper, faster, more accurate test to identify gene defects in heart patients
A new genetic test developed at Stanford University School of Medicine can accurately pinpoint the likely genetic causes of heart conditions in just a couple of days. The test uses a streamlined assay that looks at just 88 genes known to carry mutations that cause heart problems, and costs about $100.
Radiation costs vary among Medicare patients with cancer
A study by University of California, San Diego researchers found that Medicare reimbursement for radiation therapy varies widely among patients with breast, lung, and prostate cancer. Factors such as provider type, location, and clinic type accounted for most of the variation in costs.
Early surgery for mitral regurgitation, before clinical triggers emerge, has best outcomes
A study published in the Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery found that delaying surgery for severe mitral regurgitation until symptoms appear doubles the risk of postoperative mortality and heart failure. Early surgery, on the other hand, provides the best long-term outcomes, with lower mortality and congestive heart failur...
SourceAmerican Association for Thoracic Surgery·JournalJournal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery·DateAug 11, 2015
Researchers develop fast test for invasive carp
Researchers at Case Western Reserve University have developed a fast and inexpensive test to determine whether Asian carp invading Lake Erie are sterile or can reproduce. The technique uses microscopic examination of fish blood cells, allowing conservation agents to quickly identify problem animals and remove them from the population.
How to reduce piglet mortality with sows in loose-housed systems
Research conducted in Denmark found that temporary confinement of hyperprolific sows can reduce piglet mortality, but only if done between day 114 of gestation and four days after farrowing. The SWAP pen has been developed to provide a confinement option for loose-housed sows, aiming to balance sow welfare and piglet protection.
Sport TV exposing children to thousands of alcohol-adverts per year
Research reveals 87% of daytime alcohol adverts appear in sport TV, affecting hundreds of thousands of children. The study suggests stronger restrictions on alcohol advertising in sport could halve children's exposure to adverts.
SIV shrugs off antibodies in vaccinated monkeys
Researchers found that vaccinated monkeys infected with SIV develop high levels of neutralizing antibodies in their blood but are still susceptible to infection. The study's findings challenge the long-held assumption that a protective vaccine only needs moderate antibody levels to neutralize the virus.
New combination treatment effective against melanoma skin
Researchers at UC Davis found that a novel combination therapy of Interleukin (IL)-2 combined with imiquimod and topical retinoid is highly effective in treating patients with skin metastases, resulting in complete clinical response and high survival rates.
SourceUniversity of California - Davis Health·JournalJournal of the American Academy of Dermatology·DateAug 11, 2015
Engineered bacterium produces 1,3-diaminopropane, an important industrial chemical
Researchers at KAIST engineered an E. coli strain to produce 1,3-diaminopropane via fermentation, offering a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based processes. The production titer increased about 21-fold, with 13 grams per liter of 1,3-diaminopropane obtained through Fed-batch fermentation.
SourceThe Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)·JournalScientific Reports·DateAug 11, 2015
SMU chemist wins prestigious NSF Career Award
Tsarevsky's research focuses on developing methods to create large polymeric molecules with desired shapes, sizes, and functionalities. His work aims to produce materials that can be used in various applications such as chemical detection, tissue engineering, and electronics.
Outcomes of prolonged episodes of respiratory disorder among extremely preterm infants
Research found that prolonged hypoxemia during the first 2-3 months after birth was associated with an increased risk of disability or death at 18 months in extremely preterm infants. The study also revealed that intermittent bradycardia did not significantly add to the risk of adverse outcomes.
Protein-engineered gels mimic body's own functions
Researchers at NYU Engineering have developed protein-engineered hydrogels that can replicate biochemical processes found in nature. These biomimetic materials could be used for wound healing and sensing applications.
Polyglutamine repeats play key role in functional development of cells
Scientists at VIB and KU Leuven discovered polyglutamine repeats play a key role in functional development of cells. Excessive repeats cause neurodegenerative disorders, but moderate expansions may enable dynamic changes in cell physiology.
NYU study examines top high school students' stress and coping mechanisms
A recent NYU study found that top high school students experience chronic stress due to academic, social, and personal pressures. The research highlights the need for schools and families to address these factors to prevent mental health problems and promote college engagement.
Study examines high-risk therapeutic medical devices receiving FDA premarket approval
A study analyzed clinical evidence of high-risk therapeutic devices approved through the FDA PMA pathway between 2010 and 2011, finding significant variation in the number and quality of premarket and postmarket studies. Only a few studies were completed, often focusing on surrogate markers and short periods of follow-up.
UNH scientists provide new tools for predicting arrival, impact of solar storms
Researchers from the University of New Hampshire's Space Science Center use MESSENGER spacecraft data to investigate interplanetary coronal mass ejections, improving space weather prediction capabilities. The study sheds light on the speed and deceleration of ICMEs after their launch from the sun.
Mass extinction survival is more than just a numbers game
A new study by UK scientists found that geographically widespread animals are not immune to extinction during global mass extinction events. In contrast, they discovered that widely distributed animals are just as likely to suffer extinction as those with smaller geographic ranges.
NASA's Terra satellite sees Molave regain tropical storm status
NASA's Terra satellite detected a surge in thunderstorm development on Molave, leading to its regaining of tropical storm status. The storm is intensifying as it moves northeast, expected to reach peak intensity of 60 knots (69 mph) before becoming extra-tropical.
Statistical model helps police identify crime series; speeds apprehension of perpetrators
A new statistical model unveiled at the Joint Statistical Meetings in Seattle helps police analysts quickly identify crime series and apprehend suspects. The model uses machine learning algorithms to analyze crime data and predict the likely location of next events in a series.
Research into mammal evolution focuses on pivotal Eocene interval in Turkey
Scientists from the University of Kansas are investigating how climate, plate tectonics and other factors influenced evolution by bringing species together in modern-day Turkey 42 million years ago. The study aims to shed light on the role climate change played in mammalian evolution and its relevance today.