Plastic below the ocean surface
Current measurement methods may underestimate the amount of plastic in oceans due to turbulent mixing. Researchers found that surface heating and ocean currents mix plastics deeper into the water column.
Science News for April 21, 2016
New molecule-building method opens vast realm of chemistry for pharma and other industries
Scientists at Scripps Research Institute have devised a new molecule-building method that allows chemists to construct complex molecules starting from carboxylic acids. The method enables the easy synthesis of biologically active compounds, including drugs like Lipitor and Lyrica.
AGI awards diversity grants to geoscientists studying deep carbon
The American Geosciences Institute has awarded diversity grants to seven geoscientists from diverse backgrounds, including the University of Tennessee Knoxville and Stanford University, to support their research on deep carbon. These grants aim to increase participation of underrepresented groups in DCO-affiliated research.
A picture is worth a thousand... Airbnb guests?
A study published in Tourism Management found that personal photos of Airbnb hosts are critical to their business success, affecting consumers' decisions and prices. The research suggests that the level of trust inferred from a host's photo has a stronger impact on consumer choice than reputation.
Water color and phytoplankton growth in the Gulf of Maine are changing
Researchers have found a decline in productivity in the Gulf of Maine due to increased amounts of dissolved organic carbon from rivers and the Scotia Shelf Current. This organic matter absorbs light necessary for photosynthetic organisms, influencing the ecology of the Gulf.
Island foxes may be 'least variable' of all wild animals
The Channel Island fox population has been found to have a surprising absence of genetic variation, with one population on San Nicolas Island showing an order of magnitude lower variation than any other known species. This near-absence of genetic variation poses a puzzle as to how the foxes have managed to thrive despite it.
Countering Islamic State requires a stronger US-coalition strategy
A new RAND report finds that the US is insufficiently countering the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. The report recommends more comprehensive training and advising of indigenous forces and forging political agreements to resolve key drivers of conflict.
Algorithm for robot teams handles moving obstacles
A new decentralized planning algorithm for teams of robots factors in moving obstacles, reduces communication bandwidth, and preserves strong mathematical guarantees. The algorithm allows robots to operate in a world with static and dynamic obstacles while retaining their local and global objectives.
Hubble sees a star 'inflating' a giant bubble
The Bubble Nebula, observed by Hubble, is a vast bubble being blown into space by a super-hot, massive star. The nebula is 7 light-years across and resides 7,100 light-years from Earth. A seething star forms this nebula, with gas escaping at over 4 million miles per hour.
Microscopic 'timers' reveal likely source of galactic space radiation
The study uses a rare type of cosmic ray that acts like a tiny timer to determine the age and distance of galactic cosmic rays. The results suggest that these cosmic rays were created recently and are coming from nearby clusters of massive stars within 3,000 light years of Earth.
A winning face depends on the culture of the voter
Researchers found that US candidates' faces were more associated with competence, while those from Taiwan were linked to social competence. In the study, Taiwanese participants voted for candidates judged high in social competence and trustworthiness, whereas US participants preferred faces deemed competent.
SourceSociety for Personality and Social Psychology·JournalSocial Psychological and Personality Science·DateApr 21, 2016
New study shows electronic health records often capture incomplete mental health data
A new study found that electronic health records (EHRs) frequently fail to capture comprehensive mental health data, resulting in potential medication errors and patient harm. The research highlights the importance of supplementing EHR-derived data with external sources to improve patient care.
SourceOxford University Press USA·JournalJournal of the American Medical Informatics Association·DateApr 21, 2016
Murine models of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy benefit from GSK3β inhibition
Researchers found that GSK3β inhibition improves cardiac function and reduces fibrosis and inflammation in murine models of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. The study suggests GSK3β inhibition has potential as a therapeutic strategy for treating ACM.
Study points to how low-income, resource-poor communities can reduce substance abuse
A recent study led by UC Riverside professor Ann Cheney found that low-income African American communities in the Arkansas Mississippi Delta have successfully reduced cocaine use through lifestyle changes and leveraging 'recovery capital.' Social networks and culturally appropriate interventions play a critical role in reducing substan...
Fungi must die
Researchers from Lomonosov Moscow State University develop method to suppress fungal resistance to antifungal drugs by targeting ABC-transporters. The discovery has potential to improve effectiveness of antifungal medications and combat growing multidrug-resistant fungal strains.
Yale study suggests immune response to flu causes death in older people, not the virus
A new Yale-led study finds that older adults are more susceptible to flu due to a reduced antiviral response, leading to increased inflammation and damage. Researchers propose targeting inflammation to combat flu in vulnerable patients.
Drug-overdose deaths hold steady in some high drug trafficking areas
New research reveals that US areas with high drug-overdose death rates are not always associated with high drug trafficking, contrary to expectations. Despite this, Western Pennsylvania and other regions like southern Michigan and eastern Ohio experienced rapid growth in overdose deaths nationwide.
SourceUniversity of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences·JournalPreventive Medicine·DateApr 21, 2016
Gene behind 'evolution in action' in Darwin's finches identified
A specific gene, HMGA2, has been identified as the key to the evolution of smaller beaks in medium ground finches in response to a drought-induced food shortage. The researchers found that the gene comes in two forms, with one dominant in birds with small beaks and the other in those with large beaks.
First gene therapy successful against human aging
A biologically younger woman demonstrates the world's first successful gene therapy against human aging. Elizabeth Parrish's white blood cells showed a 20-year increase in telomere length, implying a reversal of age-related diseases.
Rituximab is superior to fingolimod for certain patients with multiple sclerosis
A new study found rituximab more effective in preventing relapses among patients with highly active multiple sclerosis switching from natalizumab. Patients infected with JC virus showed a significant reduction in clinical relapse risk after treatment switch to rituximab.
Three-dimensional imaging of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
A new imaging method reveals that IPF foci are complex structures with diverse shapes and sizes, forming at discrete sites of lung injury. This breakthrough may help researchers comprehend the relationship between fibroblastic foci and disease progression in IPF patients.
Microscopic 'clocks' time distance to source of galactic cosmic rays
A rare type of iron nucleus, with a half-life of 2.6 million years, serves as a 'clock' to measure the distance between Earth and the source of galactic cosmic rays. The data suggest that nearby supernovae in massive star clusters are responsible for creating these nuclei.
Quantum Information Processing presents first Howard E. Brandt Best Paper Award
Mun Dae Kim wins inaugural award for his work on superconducting flux qubits, increasing effective coupling strength for quantum computation; honors Dr. Howard E. Brandt, journal's late editor-in-chief.
Can we hypercharge vaccines?
Researchers at Boston Children's Hospital found a fatty chemical called oxPAPC that induces an immune response in mice, causing T-cells to become highly active and effective. This discovery could lead to the development of more effective vaccines against various infections.
Reducing infectious malaria parasites in donated blood could help prevent transmission
Researchers developed a technique to reduce infectious malaria parasites in whole blood, significantly reducing the risk of transmission through blood transfusion. The Mirasol pathogen reduction technology system has shown promising results in treating whole blood using ultraviolet light energy and riboflavin.
Immune cells in organ cavities play essential role in fast tissue repair: Study
A recent study discovered that macrophages in abdominal cavities surrounding organs like the liver and heart can initiate immediate and rapid repair after damage. The study found that these immune cells patrol within the cavity and adhere to damaged areas for quick healing, suggesting a new approach to tissue repair.
Researchers identify new mechanism to target 'undruggable' cancer gene
A new study identifies a small molecule that simultaneously inhibits signaling pathways activated by mutated RAS oncogenes, representing a new paradigm for targeting this elusive cancer gene. The discovery has significant implications for the treatment of RAS-driven cancers.
Temporal cues help keep human looking human
Researchers at Duke University discovered a genetic circuit in bacteria that creates spatial patterns with proportional scaling, similar to those seen in animals. This finding suggests that timing cues may play a key role in pattern formation and development in other organisms.
Giant dinosaurs hatched with adult-like proportions
Analysis of a new fossil suggests that giant dinosaurs like Rapetosaurus krausei were born with adult-like body proportions, allowing for early independence. This finding implies that parental care was less crucial for these species compared to others.
Cool combination produces easier carbon bonds
Researchers create efficient way to form carbon-carbon bonds with high chiral selectivity for nitrogen-containing heterocyclic molecules. The breakthrough uses century-old techniques and a copper catalyst, offering a more efficient process for drug discovery and development.
No risk association observed for anthracycline chemotherapy, cognitive decline
Breast cancer survivors undergoing anthracycline-based chemotherapy did not experience greater risk of lasting cognitive decline, according to a recent study. Neuropsychological tests revealed comparable cognitive function between groups up to seven years after treatment.
How a macaque's brain knows it's swinging
A new study in Cell Reports found that macaques have a third set of neurons in their sensory cortex that respond optimally to curved motion. This discovery provides insights into how animals navigate through three-dimensional spaces and could have implications for human balance and movement.
Hair analysis is a flawed forensic technique
Microscopic hair analysis is flawed due to subjective characteristics and lack of population-based databases. Re-examination by different examiners can result in inconsistent descriptions.
Paperbark tree to unlock climate change
Researchers at Griffith University used paperbark tree leaves to reconstruct past rainfall activity in tropical and subtropical regions. The study, published in Global Change Biology, offers a new proxy for inferring changes in climate.
NASA sees Tropical Cyclone Amos intensifying
NASA's GOES-West satellite captures organized circulation of Tropical Cyclone Amos, indicating imminent rapid intensification. The storm is expected to become a hurricane by April 22, with potential threat for flash flooding in American Samoa.
NASA sees changes in Tropical Cyclone Fantala
Tropical Cyclone Fantala continues to move north of Madagascar with significant changes in its intensity and track. The storm showed heavy rainfall and a clouded eye due to vertical wind shear, causing it to reverse course and move southeastward over its earlier track.
Unhealthy ozone days could increase by more than a week in coming decades
A new study predicts that unhealthy ozone days could rise by 3-9 days per year in the US by 2050, primarily affecting California, Southwest, and Northeast. This increase may exacerbate respiratory illnesses, particularly among vulnerable populations like children, seniors, and those with asthma.
Teen moms and infant sleep: Mother doesn't always know best
A study found that teenage mothers in Colorado were aware of safe sleep guidelines but chose to disregard them due to misconceptions about infant comfort and safety. The researchers suggest innovative public service announcements and improved healthcare provider communication could improve safe sleep behaviors among this high-risk group.
Advanced 3-D imaging technique applied for the first time to deadly lung disease
Researchers at the University of Southampton have successfully applied advanced 3D imaging technology to study Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) lung tissue samples. The study found that active scarring in IPF progresses in multiple individual sites rather than a large 'wave', offering new hope for targeted treatments.
Regenstrief, IU study finds machine learning as good as humans' in cancer surveillance
Researchers from Regenstrief Institute and Indiana University have found that machine learning algorithms can detect cancer cases from free-text pathology reports with similar accuracy to human reviewers. The computerized approach is faster and less resource-intensive, facilitating timely health department action.
Better data needed to stop sixth mass extinction
A new study published in Science reveals that only 5% of global biodiversity datasets meet the 'gold standard' required for effective conservation. The lack of reliable and accessible data threatens our ability to understand and address key threats to biodiversity, such as invasive species, logging, and illegal wildlife trade.
VCU Massey researchers uncover process that drives prostate cancer metastasis
Researchers have uncovered a novel function of the gene PLK1 that promotes prostate cancer cell migration and metastasis through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This discovery challenges previous understanding and highlights new potential targets for cancer therapies.
Tighter enforcement along the US-Mexico border backfired, researchers find
A new study suggests that tighter border enforcement along the US-Mexico border has led to an increase in undocumented population growth, despite spending $35 billion on security measures. The research found that greater enforcement raised costs and risks for migrants, causing them to stay longer in the US.
Finding sleep's sweet spot
Researchers found that the early-to-bed, early-to-rise approach is associated with better cardiovascular health behaviors, including reduced smoking, sedentary lifestyles, and poor dietary choices. Adequate sleep at optimal times is key to promoting heart-healthy habits.
Infectious outbreaks must be combatted strategically, Dartmouth-HHS experts argue
Experts argue that good governance, long-term technology investment, and strong product management skills are essential to combat infectious outbreaks. The proposed global strategy aims to pool funds and coordinate efforts to develop effective countermeasures for these diseases.
Girls more anxious about mathematics, STEM subjects compared to boys
A study of international data reveals that girls are more anxious about mathematics and STEM subjects compared to boys, with factors other than performance driving the difference. The research also found that parental views on the value of mathematics for daughters and sons do not explain the gap in anxiety levels.
Satellite project to protect ecosystems will monitor Kenya's forests in near real-time
The University of Leicester is launching a satellite project to monitor Kenya's forests in near real-time, helping forest land owners and national agencies protect biodiversity and reduce climate change. The project aims to support participatory forest management strategies and enable Kenya to manage its forests more sustainably.
Numerical simulations shed new light on early universe
Numerical simulations using BURST code reveal insights into the role of neutrinos, nuclei, and other particles in shaping the early universe. The research aims to investigate existing puzzles of cosmology, including dark matter and dark radiation.
Longtime UH optometry professor selected Educator of the Year
Roger L. Boltz, a longtime UH optometry professor, has been recognized as Educator of the Year by the Texas Optometric Association for his commitment to advancing the profession and fostering academic excellence. He is also an associate dean at UH, overseeing finance and administration.
Problems finding your way around may be earliest sign of Alzheimer's disease
Researchers found that difficulties building cognitive maps of new surroundings could indicate Alzheimer's disease. Participants with preclinical Alzheimer's disease showed significant challenges forming cognitive maps but not route learning tasks, highlighting the hippocampus and caudate as early affected brain regions.
Plant signals travel different routes to turn on defense
Researchers discovered two signaling chemicals travel through the same opening between cells, while a third chemical takes a distinct route into neighboring cells. This knowledge may lead to new strategies for protecting crops from pathogens.
Test aims to identify shale gas hazard in groundwater
A new test has been developed to identify shale gas hazard in groundwater by fingerprinting methane gas with unique natural gas signatures. This will enable responsible exploration and extraction practices, addressing public concerns over water contamination.
Mechanics of a heartbeat are controlled by molecular strut in heart muscle cells
Researchers discovered that microtubules interact with the heart's contractile machinery to provide mechanical resistance during contraction. Increasing detyrosination leads to increased myocyte stiffness and impeded contraction, while suppressing it enables the sarcomere to shorten more easily.
New neurodevelopmental syndrome identified
Researchers have discovered a new neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by GNB1 gene mutations, leading to severe developmental delays and seizures. Whole-exome sequencing of patients revealed the genetic mutations, paving the way for targeted therapies.
SourceColumbia University Irving Medical Center·JournalAmerican Journal of Human Genetics·DateApr 21, 2016
The Lancet: Blood transfusions in high risk malaria zones could be made safer with new blood treatment technology
A new trial suggests treating donated blood with UV radiation and vitamin B2 reduces malaria parasite levels, minimizing transmission risk. The technology shows promise for improving safety in sub-Saharan Africa's blood transfusion industry.
How immunity to RSV develops in childhood but deteriorates in adults
Research finds that infants develop strong antibody responses to RSV F and G proteins after infection, while adult immunity weakens over time. The study suggests that future vaccines should include G proteins to boost anti-G responses.
Asleep somewhere new, one brain hemisphere keeps watch
A study by Brown University researchers found that one brain hemisphere remains more awake than the other during deep sleep on the first night in a new place. This 'first-night effect' is thought to be an evolutionary adaptation to protect against potential danger.
First Lancet global snapshot of indigenous peoples health released
A comprehensive report by the University of Melbourne-led study assesses health and wellbeing data from over 154 million Indigenous people globally. Key findings include poor health outcomes, limited economic status, and inadequate access to healthcare services across nations.
Confused cells lead to genetic disorders like heart problems, premature aging
A new study by Binghamton University provides a unifying model for genetic disorders, revealing how subtle mutations of the LMNA gene disrupt cell commitment processes. This leads to confusion among cells, causing different organs to malfunction, resulting in various conditions like heart problems and premature aging.
Menstruation in spaceflight: Options for astronauts
Researchers explore contraceptive options for astronauts who want to prevent menstrual bleeding during space missions. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) appear to have advantages for spaceflight, but more research is needed on the impact of hormone treatments on bone mineral loss.
Resolvin D1 ameliorates inflammatory arthritis in mouse model
Researchers discovered that resolvin D1 promotes cartilage repair and reduces joint damage in mouse models of inflammatory arthritis. Administration of resolvin D1 dramatically reduced disease symptoms and promoted remission.
Young adult survivors of childhood cancer report feeling middle-aged
Young adult childhood cancer survivors have overall health-related quality of life similar to that of middle-aged adults. The presence or absence of chronic health conditions plays a crucial role in determining their sense of well-being, with those without conditions reporting higher scores.
SourceDana-Farber Cancer Institute·JournalJNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute·DateApr 21, 2016
Identification of therapeutic targets in multiple myeloma
Researchers have discovered that PPP3CA and calcineurin are potential therapeutic targets for treating multiple myeloma. The study found that inhibition of calcineurin with FK506 promoted MM cell death, suggesting a promising new approach for treating this disease.
Bourbon or rye? You can't tell the difference, new study says
A new study from Drexel University found that consumers are more influenced by brand and age when sorting American whiskeys than the type of whiskey itself. The study revealed that participants grouped together products by brand rather than mashbill, with bourbon and rye whiskeys being indistinguishable in terms of flavor.
New research shows how different strains of bed bugs resist insecticides
A new study found that different strains of bed bugs have varying levels of resistance to insecticides, with some having oxidases and others esterases. The researchers used a synergist called EN16/5-1 to determine which enzyme type was responsible for the resistance.
Genomic analysis of finches identifies genetic locus associated with beak size
A recent study identifies a genetic locus, HMGA2, linked to beak size adaptation in Darwin's finches. The research supports the concept of ecological character displacement, where species diverge in traits when competing for resources.
Inspirational managers may harm workers' health
Researchers found that transformational leadership can increase sickness absence levels among employees who ignore their ill-health and frequently show up for work while ill. The study suggests that managers should strike a balance between encouraging staff to perform well and prioritizing their health and well-being.
Mechanism behind plant withering clarified
Researchers have reproduced the reaction behind plant withering, revealing a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species during photosynthesis. This discovery could help ensure stable food supplies by cultivating plants resistant to global warming.
Does a parent's perception of their child's weight impact on child weight gain?
Researchers found that parental perceptions of a child's weight status are not protective against weight gain during childhood. Children whose parents perceived their weight as 'overweight' gained more weight over time. This association holds true even if the parent accurately or inaccurately believed their child was overweight.
USC study shows how skeletal stem cells form the blueprint of the face
A USC study shows how skeletal stem cells form the blueprint of the human face by regulating cartilage and bone growth. The research identified two critical signaling pathways, Jagged-Notch and Endothelin1 (Edn1), which control when stem cells transform into facial cartilage.
In child heart patients, a novel approach improves symptoms of hazardous lymph blockage
Researchers develop innovative procedure to treat plastic bronchitis, a rare condition causing airway blockages in children with congenital heart defects. The technique uses minimally invasive catheterization techniques and customized imaging tools to improve symptoms and potentially cure the condition.
Outwitting poachers with artificial intelligence
Researchers use AI and game theory to improve anti-poaching patrols, reducing poacher activities per kilometer and saving time and energy. The system also incorporates complex terrain information and natural transit paths to create practical patrol routes.
Need to remember something? Better draw it, study finds
A study by University of Waterloo researchers found that drawing pictures of information improves memory, outperforming other known encoding strategies. The 'drawing effect' was observed, where students recalled more drawn words than written ones, even with poor artistic skills.
The atom without properties
Researchers have observed Bell correlations for the first time in a large system of 480 atoms, indicating that properties may exist independently but not deterministically. This finding opens up new possibilities in quantum technology and basic research.
No increased risk of fatal CV events for breast cancer patients on newer hormone therapy
A study published in JAMA Oncology found that aromatase inhibitors, used to treat breast cancer, do not increase the risk of fatal cardiovascular events. However, women taking these drugs had a higher risk of less serious cardiovascular events, such as abnormal heartbeats and pericarditis.
Missed nursing care may contribute to racial disparities in rehospitalizations after AMI
A Penn Nursing study found that unmet nursing care is associated with higher rates of rehospitalization among black patients with acute myocardial infarction. The study suggests that ensuring adequate resources for nurses can help reduce health disparities.
Wellderly study suggests link between cognitive decline genes and healthy aging
Researchers from Scripps Translational Science Institute discovered a higher-than-normal presence of genetic variants offering protection from cognitive decline in the 'Wellderly' study. These variants were found to be associated with long-term cognitive health and protection from chronic diseases, including cancer and heart disease.
Crayfish may help restore dirty streams, Stroud study finds
A study found that crayfish increase macroinvertebrate density in polluted streams. The presence of crayfish also reduces sediment settling, creating a more favorable habitat for these organisms. This research highlights the potential benefits of invasive species like crayfish in alleviating problems in impaired streams.
Rex Griswold Foundation gives $50,000 to TGen for MSA research
The Rex Griswold Foundation has donated $50,000 to the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) to investigate Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), a rare nerve disorder affecting fewer than 5 in every 100,000 people. TGen's whole genome sequencing aims to uncover novel genetic associations with MSA.
Critical immunotherapy target marks dysfunctional regulatory T cells in brain cancer
Researchers identified a critical immunotherapy target by marking dysfunctional regulatory T cells in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Anti-PD1 therapies may drive further regulatory T cell dysfunction, suggesting potential treatment benefits.
Paleontologists find first fossil monkey in North America -- but how did it get here?
The discovery of the fossil monkey provides evidence for the interchange of mammals between South and North America, challenging long-held views of South America as an island continent. The new genus and species, Panamacebus transitus, suggests that monkeys may have unintentionally rafted across on mats of vegetation.
HIV infection prematurely ages humans by an average of 5 years
A recent study found that HIV infection can lead to an average age acceleration of 4.9 years due to epigenetic changes, increasing the risk of mortality by 19%. The researchers suggest that early intervention and healthy lifestyle choices may help mitigate these risks.
New development tool based on 'software quality information needs' and 3 case studies
A new development tool is being proposed based on the concept of 'software quality information needs'. The tool aims to provide developers with the right kind of information about the current state of and the effect of changes on software quality. Three case studies will be conducted to develop metrics and measurement techniques to det...
Gender stereotyping may start as young as 3 months -- study of babies' cries shows
Researchers discovered that adults assume babies with higher-pitched cries are female and those with lower-pitched cries are male. This study highlights how early exposure to gender stereotypes can affect our perceptions of babies' needs.
Review assesses published research on brain changes associated with autism
A recent review of published studies on autism spectrum disorder found significant discrepancies in reported brain abnormalities. Experts emphasize the need for more extensive research to better understand these variations.
Blood pressure targets for individuals with kidney disease should consider patients' age
A study of over 300,000 patients with chronic kidney disease found that higher systolic blood pressure is linked to poor outcomes, but this association diminishes with advanced age. The findings support current clinical guidelines for younger patients, but suggest a more cautious approach for very elderly patients.
SourceAmerican Society of Nephrology·JournalClinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology·DateApr 21, 2016
Researchers identify key factor for reprogramming adult cells into stem cells
A team led by John P. Cooke identified reactive oxygen species as critical to the transformation of adult somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The researchers discovered that a 'Goldilock's zone' of free radical generation is optimal for iPSC production, with too little or too much ROS impaireding colony formation.
Bakery switches to propane vans
A Midwest bakery's switch to propane from diesel resulted in significant petroleum displacement and greenhouse gas emission reductions. The Alpha Baking Company saved seven cents per mile on fuel costs with the new vehicles.
Virtual opponents reveal fighting strategies of male jumping spiders
Researchers manipulated video footage to study male jumping spiders' behavior, finding that size assessment influences their decision-making. Larger spiders are less likely to approach smaller opponents, while smaller spiders can't scare away larger opponents.
Can changes to your diet help you sleep better?
A review of 21 studies on dietary interventions and sleep found significant effects in nearly half of the laboratory-based studies. However, overall findings suggest that a single diet change is unlikely to drastically improve sleep quality for most people.
SourceMary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News·JournalThe Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine·DateApr 21, 2016
New study looks at safety of outpatient hand and shoulder surgeries
A large study of nearly 29,000 outpatient hand and shoulder surgeries found a 0.2 percent complication rate, with most complications being post-operative infections or blood clots. The study suggests that proper patient selection can make these procedures safe at freestanding ambulatory surgery centers.
SourceAmerican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons·JournalJournal of Bone and Joint Surgery·DateApr 21, 2016
USU chemists shed new light on global energy, food supply challenge
Researchers at Utah State University and other institutions have developed a light-driven process for nitrogen fixation, which could revolutionize agriculture and reduce the world's dependence on fossil fuels. The new process uses nanomaterials to capture light energy, making it more energy-efficient than traditional methods.
UT Researchers find unique regulatory pattern that promotes essential cell function
Researchers at UT Knoxville have discovered a novel regulatory pattern for cytokinesis, the final stage of cell division, triggered by the signaling protein Cdc42. This finding has implications for understanding cancer and other diseases, where defects in Cdc42 control are associated.
Numerical simulations shed new light on early universe
The BURST code simulates conditions during the first few minutes of cosmological evolution to model the role of neutrinos, nuclei and other particles in shaping the early universe. This allows physicists to investigate existing puzzles of cosmology, including the nature and origin of visible matter and dark matter.
Preparations for a US west coast tsunami look to the past and future
Scientists are evolving plans for managing tsunami risk on the US Pacific coastline, using historic data and new technologies like camera-bearing drones. California officials are refining their response playbooks after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, while geologists search for evidence of past tsunamis to better estimate risks.
The Arctic is facing a decline in sea ice that might equal the negative record of 2012
Sea ice physicists project a possible record-low Arctic sea ice extent this summer, with thin ice unlikely to survive the melting season. The CryoSat-2 satellite data shows that arctic sea ice was unusually thin in 2015 and grew slowly during the past winter.
2+1 is not always 3
Researchers measured critical Casimir forces with two and three particles to demonstrate nonadditivity and show that these forces are crucial for designing micro-machines. The study used colloids immersed in fluid and optical tweezers to measure the effects of many-body interaction.
SourceInternational School of Advanced Studies (SISSA)·JournalNature Communications·DateApr 21, 2016
Nearby supernova ashes continue to rain on Earth
Scientists have discovered a nearby supernova's ash continuing to fall on Earth, with rare iron-60 isotope detected in cosmic rays. The findings suggest another supernova occurred near the previous one, contributing to the ongoing acceleration of these nuclei.
Caught in the act: 3-D structure of an RNA-modifying protein determined in action
The team determined the three-dimensional structure of RlmN protein from Escherichia coli bacteria, capturing it during a normally transient event. The discovery sheds light on RlmN's function in modifying RNA molecules that are crucial for bacterial infections and potential antibiotic resistance.
Discovery could lead to better asthma treatment
Researchers at Cardiff University discovered a signaling molecule that can alleviate asthma symptoms such as mucus production and airway constriction. The study found that blocking this molecule can help regulate the allergic immune response, potentially leading to improved treatment options for asthma sufferers worldwide.
Wayne State student receives NIH fellowship to study stress-induced use of nicotine
A Wayne State University Ph.D. student has been awarded a prestigious NIH fellowship to investigate the effects of stress on cigarette smokers. The research aims to understand how stress impairs brain function and increase the likelihood of relapse, with the goal of developing better treatments for patients.
Evolution in action detected in Darwin's finches
A team of scientists has identified a gene, HMGA2, that explains variation in beak size among Darwin's finches. The gene contributed to a rapid shift in beak size following a severe drought, enabling the medium ground finch to adapt and survive.
NYU's Perlmutter Cancer Center & the Technion launch global cancer research initiative
Researchers will test a nanoghost technology to deliver microRNAs targeting metastatic melanoma, while investigating heparanase for mesothelioma diagnosis and treatment. The partnership aims to advance global collaboration in cancer research and therapeutics.
Fossil teeth suggest that seeds saved bird ancestors from extinction
Researchers found that bird-like dinosaurs with toothless beaks were able to survive on seeds after the meteor impact, while those with teeth went extinct abruptly. The study suggests that dietary adaptations played a crucial role in the survival of modern birds.
Leg-wing cooperation in baby birds, dinosaurs is key transition in origin of flight
Researchers found that young birds can produce mature flight strokes despite underdeveloped muscles and wings. Leg-wing cooperation enables juvenile birds to flap like adults, improving traction as they climb.
Columbia Engineering-led team advances single molecule electronic DNA sequencing
Researchers have developed a complete system to sequence DNA in nanopores electronically at single molecule level with single-base resolution. The system uses a protein nanopore array and polymer-tagged nucleotides to perform single molecule electronic DNA sequencing, enabling real-time and parallel sequencing of multiple DNA molecules.
SourceColumbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateApr 21, 2016
US national forests and grasslands could yield less water in future climate
A warmer climate could lead to higher growth and productivity on US national forests and grasslands, but at the cost of reduced freshwater yields. The study projects a 4-7% decrease in water yield by 2100, with the most severe declines in the Northwest, West North Central, and Southwest regions.
A trick of the light may help diseased plants attract greenfly
Research at the University of Bristol reveals that plant viruses can alter leaf surface properties to attract insects like greenfly. Infected leaves reflect less polarized light, making them more visible to bugs.
Children's Research Institute at UT Southwestern research garners Stand Up To Cancer grant
Dr. Hao Zhu has been awarded a $750,000 Stand Up To Cancer grant to investigate the relationship between injury, regeneration, and cancer. His research aims to understand the mechanisms shared by cancer and organ regeneration, with potential therapeutic targets in tissue repair and cancer prevention.
UM-NSU Center for Autism and Related Disabilities joins launch of SPARK
SPARK aims to advance our understanding of autism's causes by collecting DNA from 50,000 individuals with autism and their families. Researchers will study genetic mechanisms and environmental factors to develop new supports and treatments.
Overall stability analysis of improved buckling restrained braces
The improved buckling restrained braces (IBRBs) feature contact rings between inner and outer tubes for lateral constraint, resulting in better behavior. Numerical simulations agree with test results, demonstrating the program's feasibility in analyzing overall stability strength capacity.
For American youth, rich-poor gap in life expectancy narrowing: Free
A new study by Janet Currie and colleagues reveals a decline in mortality inequality among poor children up to age 20, with improvements most pronounced in poorer counties. This finding suggests that the life expectancy gap is likely to continue decreasing as younger generations form the future US population.
The cell copying machine: How daughters look like their mothers
Researchers discovered that the cell cycle clock inhibits the formation of centrioles, ensuring each daughter inherits a single copy. This mechanism is critical for maintaining homeostasis and preventing infertility and cancer.
The importance of resting phases in B cell development
Researchers discovered that B cells rely on RNA binding proteins ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 to induce quiescence, allowing them to 'rest up' between developmental events. This mechanism is crucial for proper B cell development, as seen in mice where a 98% reduction of mature B cells was observed when these proteins were absent.
DNA proves mammoths mated beyond species boundaries
A new DNA analysis suggests that North American mammoths interbred more frequently than previously thought, blurring the lines between species. The study found that woolly and Columbian mammoths could produce fertile offspring, contradicting historical notions of separate species.
Bird genomes contain 'fossils' of parasites that now infect humans
A new type of transposable element was discovered in certain bird genomes, which also occurred in nematode worms that are human parasites. The finding reveals that these modern human parasite species were birds from 25-17 million years ago.
UF Health researchers develop unique model for studying ALS
Researchers created a mouse model that closely replicates the symptoms and gene expression patterns of ALS and frontotemporal dementia. The model allows scientists to understand how the C9orf72 gene mutation causes paralysis and dementia, and potentially develop treatments.
Paleontologists find North America's oldest monkey fossil along Panama Canal
Scientists find 21-million-year-old fossil evidence of mammals traveling from South America to North America. The discovery sheds light on the evolution of Western Hemisphere monkeys, revealing they stopped migrating north due to a barrier of North American vegetation.
Researchers find moderate vascular risk in southwest native population
A pilot study examining southwest tribal elders found moderate vascular risk despite hypertension treatment, highlighting the need for culturally fair instruments and biomarkers. Cognitive and depressive symptoms were also significant factors in the research results.
Volcanoes tied to shifts in Earth's climate over millions of years
A new study reveals that volcanic activity associated with continental plate movement may have driven climatic shifts from hot to cold over tens and hundreds of millions of years. The research found that periods of high volcanic activity coincided with warmer conditions, while low volcanic activity was linked to colder, icehouse periods.
Leg-wing coordination may be key transition in origin of flight for baby birds, dinosaurs
Researchers found that young birds exhibit mature flight stroke early in development by leveraging leg and wing power, challenging existing ideas about flight origin. This discovery could provide insights into the evolution of flight in ancient theropod dinosaurs.
Increasing cases of anaphylaxis among children
A new study found that anaphylaxis rates among Canadian children have doubled over four years, highlighting the need for increased awareness and proper use of epinephrine auto-injectors. The majority of cases were triggered by food, particularly peanut and tree nut allergies.
SourceMcGill University Health Centre·JournalJournal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology·DateApr 21, 2016
A $5,000 idea blossomed into a $300,000 algae research and innovation accelerator
The Maine Algal Research and Innovation Accelerator (MARIA) will be a center for developing universal algal standards, exploring new and varied ways that algae could be incorporated into products. MARIA aims to accelerate innovation in natural products created using micro and macro algae.
Study shows how to make fertilizer from sunlight
Scientists at NREL developed a new, light-driven chemical process to produce ammonia, the main ingredient of fertilizer. The research uses nanocrystals to harness light energy, which then energizes electrons to trigger nitrogen transformation.
Unhealthy ozone days could increase by more than a week in coming decades
A new study from Harvard predicts that regions of the US could experience up to nine additional days of unhealthy ozone levels per year by 2050. Global climate change is expected to exacerbate heat waves and increase ozone episodes.
SourceHarvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences·JournalGeophysical Research Letters·DateApr 21, 2016
This is why you feel groggy after sleeping in a new place
Researchers discovered that when people sleep in an unfamiliar place, one hemisphere of the brain stays more awake to keep watch. This phenomenon is related to the difficulty a person experiences in falling asleep and can be reduced by bringing familiar comforts.
New genetic risk factors for myopia discovered
Researchers have identified nine new genetic risk factors contributing to myopia, with education levels playing a crucial role. The study suggests that environmental and hereditary factors interact to produce the condition, offering insights into its development and potential treatments.
UM study links neighborhood greenness to reduction in chronic diseases
A new UM study found that higher levels of neighborhood greenness are linked to a significant reduction in chronic illnesses, particularly in low-to-middle income neighborhoods. The study showed a 14% risk reduction for diabetes and hypertension, and 10% reduction for lipid disorders.
SourceUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine·JournalAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicine·DateApr 21, 2016
Powerful genetic regulator identified as risk factor for schizophrenia
A powerful genetic regulator, miR-9, has been identified as a risk factor for schizophrenia, controlling the activity of hundreds of genes involved in fetal brain development. The study, led by Kristen Brennand and Gang Fang, found that miR-9 was under-expressed in brains of schizophrenic patients, leading to miswiring of neurons.
SourceThe Mount Sinai Hospital / Mount Sinai School of Medicine·JournalCell Reports·DateApr 21, 2016
The gates of serotonin: Cracking the workings of a notorious receptor
Researchers elucidated the first ever computer simulation of a notoriously elusive serotonin receptor involved in fast signal transmission and various disorders. The discovery reveals how serotonin binds to the receptor, opening its ion channel's gate and transmitting electrical signals.
Facial grading systems for patients with facial paralysis
A new electronic facial measurement scale called eFace was created to compare with the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (FGS) for patients with facial paralysis. The study found that both scales showed similar reliability in measuring facial function.
Advances in extracting uranium from seawater announced in special issue
Scientists have developed new adsorbents that can extract uranium from seawater, reducing the cost by three to four times. The technology has shown promising results, with an ORNL adsorbent material capable of holding 5.2 grams of uranium per kilogram in natural seawater exposure.
SourceDOE/Oak Ridge National Laboratory·JournalIndustrial & Engineering Chemistry Research·DateApr 21, 2016
1.5 C vs 2 C global warming: New study shows why half a degree matters
Researchers found significant differences in climate change impacts for 1.5°C and 2°C global warming by 2100, including higher sea levels, longer heat waves, and coral reef degradation. Tropical regions are projected to bear the brunt of these impacts.
New honorary doctors at Karolinska Institutet 2016
Sir Richard Peto, Bob Langer, and Alimuddin Zumla receive Honorary Doctor of Medicine degrees for groundbreaking work in epidemiology, biotechnology, and infectious diseases. Their achievements have transformed the pharmaceutical industry and improved human health worldwide.
Cleaning up hybrid battery electrodes improves capacity and lifespan
The new ion soft-landing technique resulted in electrodes that could store a third more energy and had twice the lifespan compared to conventional methods. The team also found that the POM hybrid electrodes used the active material extremely efficiently, with the lowest amount of POM required to reach their highest capacity.
Mortality rates improve among kids and young adults in the US, especially in poor counties
Recent studies show a decrease in mortality rates among children and young adults in the poorest US counties, with improved healthcare, food, and nutrition programs likely contributing to these reductions. Life expectancy at birth differs by poverty level, with richer counties showing stronger increases.