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Science News for May 18, 2017


Zinc effects on common cold duration illustrate problems of routine statistical analyses

Two randomized trials found that zinc lozenges reduced common cold duration by an average of 4.0 days and 1.77 days, but applying these effects to placebo groups resulted in impossible durations when using absolute scales. In contrast, percentage effects of 43% and 25% were realistic and more informative for communicating findings.

SourceUniversity of Helsinki·JournalBMC Medical Research Methodology·DateMay 18, 2017

Photocatalyst makes hydrogen production 10 times more efficient

Researchers at Kobe University have developed a new photocatalyst that increases hydrogen production tenfold. By deliberately creating a lack of uniformity in size and arrangement of crystals, the team was able to spatially separate electrons and holes, preventing recombination and increasing conversion efficiency.

SourceKobe University·JournalAngewandte Chemie International Edition·DateMay 18, 2017

There's more to attraction than what meets the eye

Research highlights the importance of non-visual factors like voice and scent in social perception, which can influence attractiveness. Studies have shown that people can accurately guess characteristics like gender, age, and body size from a voice or scent.

SourceFrontiers·JournalFrontiers in Psychology·DateMay 18, 2017

Study compares different measures of body fat for predicting kidney function decline

A new study found that higher body fat was linked with increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Waist circumference and BMI were shown to provide similar information on risk as more direct measures of different types of body fat, indicating these simple measures may be reliable for assessing an individual's risk.

SourceAmerican Society of Nephrology·JournalClinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology·DateMay 18, 2017

How the injured brain tells the body it's hurt

In a breakthrough study, Johns Hopkins researchers identified a new way that the brain communicates with the immune system, using vesicles and small fat-like molecules to send signals. This discovery may lead to the development of new treatments for brain injuries by targeting the inflammatory response.

SourceJohns Hopkins Medicine·JournalScience Signaling·DateMay 18, 2017

New algorithm tracks neurons in bendy brain of freely crawling worm

Scientists developed an automated approach to track neurons in the brain of freely crawling worms, enabling researchers to correlate neural activity with specific movements and behaviors. The new algorithm, dubbed Neuron Registration Vector Encoding, improves upon previous methods by assigning a unique identity to each neuron it detects.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS Computational Biology·DateMay 18, 2017

Know thyself to understand others

A three-month contemplative training course improved participants' ability to identify and understand their own inner parts and those of others. The more negative inner parts identified, the better awareness of other people's frame of mind became.

SourceSpringer·JournalJournal of Cognitive Enhancement·DateMay 18, 2017

The Charlie Sheen effect on HIV testing

A new study published in Prevention Science found that Charlie Sheen's HIV-positive disclosure on November 17, 2015, corresponded with record levels of HIV testing, including a near-doubling in at-home rapid test sales. The study also suggests that public health leaders should consider embracing big media data for decision-making.

SourceSan Diego State University·JournalPrevention Science·DateMay 18, 2017

World's thinnest hologram paves path to new 3-D world

The RMIT team has developed a nano-hologram that is simple to make, can be seen without 3D goggles and is 1000 times thinner than a human hair. The discovery could transform industries such as medical diagnostics, education, data storage, defence and cyber security with the potential to display a wealth of data.

SourceRMIT University·JournalNature Communications·DateMay 18, 2017

FDA-approved drug helps treat rare immunologic disease, study finds

A Phase 3 clinical trial found that adding mepolizumab to standard treatment for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) significantly improved remission rates, with 28% of participants achieving remission after one year. The disease was in remission at weeks 36 and 48 in 32% of participants who received mepolizumab.

SourceNIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases·JournalNew England Journal of Medicine·DateMay 18, 2017

Deaths from Chagas disease under-reported

A new study published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases found that Chagas disease significantly increases the risk of death, especially among those with cardiac complications. The study suggests that deaths from Chagas have been under-reported due to misdiagnosis and highlights the need for further research into new therapeutic options.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases·DateMay 18, 2017

Imaging from UK biobank participants shows that people with higher internal organ fat and thigh muscle fat spend more nights in hospital

A study published at European Congress on Obesity found that people with higher levels of visceral fat (internal fat around organs) and thigh muscle fat spend more nights in hospital. Visceral fat was significantly associated with healthcare burden, while thigh muscle fat infiltration had mixed results.

GIS -- a powerful tool to be used with caution

A recent study challenges GIS credibility in assessing shoreline erosion to archaeological sites, highlighting the need for more current imagery sources and semi-regular updates. The research suggests that while GIS can be useful in identifying areas at risk, its limitations due to volatile weather conditions must be acknowledged.

SourceDe Gruyter·JournalOpen Archaeology·DateMay 18, 2017

Obesity is in the eye of the beholder

A Cornell University study found that white women are penalized for being overweight, while white men face penalties for both underweight and overweight status. In contrast, African Americans have become more accepting of larger bodies.

SourceCornell University·JournalSociological Science·DateMay 18, 2017

Antarctica 'greening' due to climate change

Scientists discovered a sharp increase in moss growth on Antarctica's Antarctic Peninsula, indicating major changes in ecosystems. The study found clear evidence of 'changepoints' over the past half century, suggesting that plants and soils will alter substantially even with modest further warming.

SourceUniversity of Exeter·JournalCurrent Biology·DateMay 18, 2017

Scientists perform first-principles simulation of transition of plasma edge to H-mode

Physicists at PPPL have simulated the spontaneous transition of turbulence at the plasma edge to H-mode using a first-principles-based model. The simulation reveals that both turbulence-generated and non-turbulent sheared flows contribute to the bifurcation, providing the physics-basis for successful tokamak operation.

SourceDOE/Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory·JournalPhysical Review Letters·DateMay 18, 2017

Worse pain outcomes after knee replacement for patients who took opioids before surgery

A study published in The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery found that patients who previously took prescription opioids had a higher average pain score six months after knee replacement surgery. This suggests that preoperative opioid use may be problematic due to its negative effects on subsequent total knee arthroplasty outcomes.

SourceWolters Kluwer Health·JournalJournal of Bone and Joint Surgery·DateMay 18, 2017

100-year-old fertility technique reduces need for IVF

A 100-year-old medical technique, hysterosalpingography (HSG), has been proven to increase fertility rates in infertile women. Using an iodised poppy seed oil solution significantly improves pregnancy rates within six months, with 40% of women achieving successful pregnancies compared to 29% with water-based solution.

SourceUniversity of Adelaide·JournalNew England Journal of Medicine·DateMay 18, 2017

Flat Antarctica

A new study published in Earth System Dynamics finds that Antarctica's slower warming pace may be due to its high land height. The research suggests that if Antarctica were flat, it would warm more quickly due to changes in heat transport by the atmosphere and oceans.

SourceEuropean Geosciences Union·JournalEarth System Dynamics·DateMay 18, 2017

Opioid use before knee replacement surgery results in worse pain outcomes for patients

A recent study published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery found that preoperative opioid use is associated with less pain reduction after total knee replacement surgery. Patients who used opioids before their procedure experienced about 9 percent less pain relief at six months following surgery compared to those who did not.

SourceBrigham and Women's Hospital·JournalJournal of Bone and Joint Surgery·DateMay 18, 2017

Cancer prevention & early detection, 2017-2018

The report assesses current cancer risk factors and prevention measures, highlighting improvements in some areas but stagnation or decline in others. Cigarette smoking among adults has dropped to 15% but remains high in certain geographic areas, while obesity prevalence continues to rise, particularly among black women.

Studies link healthy brain aging to omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the blood

Researchers found correlations between blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids and fluid intelligence in healthy elderly adults, suggesting a potential role for dietary intake of these nutrients. The studies also linked the balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids to memory preservation and brain structure.

SourceUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, News Bureau·JournalNutritional Neuroscience·DateMay 18, 2017

How enzymes communicate

Researchers have discovered that enzymes can be activated by electrical stimulation, leading to ultrafast signal transfer within cells. This process allows for locally restricted signaling, preventing unwanted cellular processes such as cell death.

SourceUniversity of Freiburg·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateMay 18, 2017

Predators are real lowlifes

A recent study deployed green clay caterpillars across six continents to reveal that insects are responsible for the majority of predation observed. The findings suggest that predation pressure is stronger in the tropics due to the need for insects to innovate defense mechanisms against predators.

Tooth truth

A new method in dentine analysis reveals permanent records of Vitamin D deficiency, shedding light on human adaptation and health conditions. The study offers a valuable resource for understanding rickets, affecting over 1 billion people worldwide.