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Science News for October 5, 2017


Macho pursuits dominate assessments of risky behavior, reinforcing gender stereotypes

A new study by the University of Exeter found that assessments of heroism and daring often focus on traditionally masculine behavior. However, when less stereotypical criteria are used, women and men rate themselves as equally likely to take risks. The research also highlights the importance of considering gender differences in risk-ta...

SourceUniversity of Exeter·JournalSocial Psychological and Personality Science·DateOct 5, 2017

Low serum calcium may increase risk of sudden cardiac arrest

A new study published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings has found that individuals with lower serum calcium levels are more likely to experience sudden cardiac arrest. The research, which analyzed data from over 200 SCA cases and 445 control subjects, suggests that even normal-range serum calcium levels may pose a risk for SCA.

SourceElsevier·JournalMayo Clinic Proceedings·DateOct 5, 2017

Found in translation

Researchers found that reading stories triggers unique patterns of brain activation, regardless of language or cultural origin. This study suggests exposure to narrative storytelling can have a widespread effect on triggering better self-awareness and empathy for others.

SourceUniversity of Southern California·JournalHuman Brain Mapping·DateOct 5, 2017

Is your partner's hearing loss driving you mad?

Research by University of Nottingham academics reveals common areas causing concern for both individuals with hearing loss and their loved ones, including communication difficulties, emotional strain, and social isolation. The study emphasizes the importance of involving partners and family members in rehabilitation plans to ease the p...

SourceUniversity of Nottingham·JournalTrends in Hearing·DateOct 5, 2017

Nanopatch polio vaccine delivers

A recent study published in Scientific Reports has shown that the Nanopatch, a microscopic vaccine delivery platform, is more effective at combating poliovirus than traditional needles and syringes. This breakthrough has significant implications for the eradication of polio, a disease responsible for tens of millions of cases worldwide.

SourceUniversity of Queensland·JournalScientific Reports·DateOct 5, 2017

Magma chambers have a sponge-like structure

Researchers at ETH Zurich found that supervolcano magma chambers contain a mixture of liquid and crystalline magma. The chambers may exhibit a sponge-like texture, with a mesh structure of crystallised rock and pores containing molten material.

SourceETH Zurich·JournalNature Geoscience·DateOct 5, 2017

How yellow and blue make green in parrots

Researchers identified a mutated gene in budgies that synthesizes the bird's yellow pigments. The findings could be applied to many parrots around the world and shed light on the evolutionary change that led to their brilliant colors.

SourceCell Press·JournalCell·DateOct 5, 2017

Planning for the future

A team of scientists explored links between climate effects and two health outcome indicators: malnutrition and low birth weights. Their models indicate that vulnerable areas may see more malnourished children and lower birth weights due to warming and drying, but positive development trends can mitigate these effects.

SourceUniversity of California - Santa Barbara·JournalGlobal Environmental Change·DateOct 5, 2017

Pushy or laid back? Economic factors influence parenting style

A new study by Yale economists Fabrizio Zilibotti and Matthias Doepke finds that economic conditions, especially inequality and return to education, shape parenting styles. Parents are driven by a combination of altruism and paternalism, influencing their children's choices through permissive, authoritative, or authoritarian approaches.

SourceYale University·JournalEconometrica·DateOct 5, 2017

Climate solution in soil?

Stanford researchers found that managed soil can trap more carbon dioxide than previously estimated, potentially offsetting future emissions. Improving land management practices like reduced tillage and perennial crops could increase soil's carbon storage.

SourceStanford University·JournalGlobal Change Biology·DateOct 5, 2017

Old Faithful's geological heart revealed

Researchers used dense seismograph network to map near-surface geology around Old Faithful, discovering a reservoir of heated water that fuels the geyser. The study also reveals how ground shaking behaves between eruptions and finds an underground feature affecting seismic waves in a specific area.

SourceUniversity of Utah·JournalGeophysical Research Letters·DateOct 5, 2017

Violent helium reaction on white dwarf surface triggers supernova explosion

A team of researchers found evidence that a Type Ia supernova explosion was triggered by a violent helium detonation on the surface of a white dwarf star. The study used the Hyper Suprime-Cam camera on the Subaru Telescope to discover and analyze a recent supernova, providing the first solid evidence supporting this theory.

New Neandertal and archaic human genomes advance our understanding of human evolution

Two new studies on ancient genomes provide valuable insights into the lives of our ancestors and their cousins, the Neandertals. The new genome of a female Neandertal reveals new genetic contributions to modern-day humans, including variants related to plasma levels of LDL cholesterol and vitamin D. Additionally, early modern human gen...

More traits associated with your Neandertal DNA

Neandertal DNA has been linked to various human characteristics, including skin tone, hair color, and sleep patterns. The study suggests that sun exposure plays a crucial role in shaping these traits, with Neandertal genes contributing to lighter or darker skin tones.

SourceCell Press·JournalAmerican Journal of Human Genetics·DateOct 5, 2017

Identifying ways to minimize the harm of energy drinks

Researchers found that young people's confusion about energy drinks suggests the need for educational campaigns. Participants suggested strategies to reduce consumption, including restrictions on sale, changing packaging, and increasing prices.

SourceElsevier·JournalJournal of Nutrition Education and Behavior·DateOct 5, 2017

Completing the drug design jigsaw

Researchers developed a new approach to analyze drug-protein interactions, revealing the specific amino acids involved in binding. This allows for more precise chemical requirements and stronger, selective drug candidates.

SourceUniversity of East Anglia·JournalAngewandte Chemie International Edition·DateOct 5, 2017

Segregation-induced ordered superstructures at general grain boundaries in a Ni-Bi alloy

At randomly selected high-angle general grain boundaries in a nickel-bismuth polycrystalline alloy, researchers found that interfacial reconstruction can form ordered superstructures. These segregation-induced superstructures enrich theories and fundamental understandings of grain boundary segregation and liquid metal embrittlement.

How much can watching hockey stress your heart?

A new study found that watching hockey games live or on TV can cause a substantial effect on the cardiovascular system, with average heart rate increases of 75% and 110%, respectively. The emotional stress response triggered by high-stakes moments in the game can trigger adverse cardiovascular events.

SourceElsevier·JournalCanadian Journal of Cardiology·DateOct 5, 2017

IUPUI microbiologists uncover clues to clustering of lethal bacteria in CF patients' lungs

Researchers have identified a key protein, MgtE, that plays a crucial role in signaling bacteria to form clusters, or biofilms, in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. The study reveals how fluctuations in magnesium levels influence MgtE activity, providing new insights into the development of chronic pneumonia.

Story tips from the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, October 2017

Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed a method to detect network intrusions in connected and autonomous vehicles, with near-perfect detection rates in initial testing. Additionally, scientists have created a technique for making ultrafast measurements using atomic force microscopy, allowing for high-resolution ima...

Simplifying information aids fight against childhood obesity, study finds

A new study found that simplified health information and instruction can improve outcomes for families with low health literacy in childhood obesity treatment programs. Families saw similar improvements in body mass index, sugar-sweetened drink consumption, and quality of life, regardless of their ability to understand health information.

SourceUniversity of Virginia Health System·JournalPreventing Chronic Disease·DateOct 5, 2017

Researchers analyze cost-effectiveness of guinea worm disease eradication

The global Guinea Worm Eradication Programme is highly cost-effective in preventing the spread of guinea worm disease, with a financial cost of $0.0176 per capita per year. The programme's cost-effectiveness exceeds that of no intervention or minimal intervention scenarios, making it a valuable investment for disease prevention.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases·DateOct 5, 2017

Liverwort genes and land plant evolution

The liverwort's genome has provided insight into the transition from algae to land plants, identifying genes critical for plant growth and development. The study also found that early plants developed strategies for water retention and distribution, which are still employed by modern plants.

SourceDOE/Joint Genome Institute·JournalCell·DateOct 5, 2017

Scientists enlist supercomputers, machine learning to automatically identify brain tumors

A team of researchers from the University of Texas at Austin has created an accurate and efficient method to characterize gliomas, the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor. Their system combined biophysical models with machine learning algorithms to analyze Magnetic Resonance imaging data, achieving top results in a c...

Perpetrators of genocide say they're 'good people'

A study of 27 defendants in the Rwandan genocide trial found that most tried to justify their actions by claiming they were 'good people'. Researchers analyzed testimony and identified two neutralization techniques: appeal to good character and victimization, which were used more frequently than previously known methods.

SourceOhio State University·JournalSocial Problems·DateOct 5, 2017

Do earthquakes have a 'tell'?

Researchers have discovered a potential method to predict nearby strong earthquakes by analyzing deep tremors. The study, published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, found that changes in deep tremor patterns can signal an impending earthquake.

New test opens path for better 2-D catalysts

Researchers at Rice University and Los Alamos National Laboratory have developed a technique to probe through tiny windows created by an electron beam and measure the catalytic activity of molybdenum disulfide, a two-dimensional material. The study found that most production of hydrogen is coming from the thin sheets' edges.

SourceRice University·JournalAdvanced Materials·DateOct 5, 2017