An interview with Anthony Fauci
Fauci emphasizes the importance of pushing back against false information and promoting scientific communication as a process. He plans to use his experience to support two initiatives going forward.
Science News for December 8, 2022
FAU receives $1 million NSF grant to empower women in stem faculty
Florida Atlantic University has received a $1 million NSF grant to implement initiatives that promote diversity and inclusion in STEM faculty. The project aims to mitigate STEM workforce shortages, particularly in biotechnology, aerospace, and healthcare industries.
Next-generation SERD camizestrant significantly improves progression-free survival vs. fulvestrant in advanced ER+ HER2- breast cancer
The SERENA-2 trial found camizestrant significantly improves progression-free survival versus fulvestrant in patients with estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. Camizestrant demonstrates efficacy across various patient populations, including those with ESR1 mutations and prior CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment.
Research illuminates approaches for long-term hearing loss treatment
Researchers have discovered a way to promote hair cell regeneration in mature animals using cell reprogramming with transcription factors ATOH1, GFI1, and POU4F3. This approach has shown promise for advancing the treatment of long-term hearing loss.
Study reveals strong uplift of northeastern Tibet Plateau in late Miocene
A joint research team reconstructed the mid-range paleoelevation sequences of the northeastern Tibet Plateau since the middle Miocene. The study reveals that the region underwent strong uplift about 11 to 7 Ma, exerting significant environmental effects. This uplift had a profound impact on climate and biodiversity in the region.
Camizestrant may be superior to fulvestrant in patients with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer
A phase II trial found that camizestrant significantly reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 42-67% and improved median progression-free survival by 7.2-9.2 months compared to fulvestrant in patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, including those with ESR1 mutations.
Developmental Lung Cell Atlas uncovers 144 cell states
A spatial cell atlas of the developing human lung describes 144 cell types and their interactions, uncovering new links between developmental cells and lung cancer. The atlas provides a unique resource for understanding healthy lung development and investigating disease origins.
Americans flocking to fire: national migration study
A national study found that Americans are moving to regions with the greatest risk of wildfires and significant summer heat, despite climate change projections. The top migration destinations were cities in the Pacific Northwest, parts of the Southwest, Texas, Florida, and the Southeast, which already face significant wildfire risks.
SourceUniversity of Vermont·JournalFrontiers in Human Dynamics·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateDec 8, 2022
Co-working spaces limit creativity in the long run, finds new study
A new study by Bayes Business School found that co-working spaces can initially support collective exploration but ultimately inhibit collaborative practices. The study suggests that firms leave the space as interactions become less meaningful and stilted over time.
New STAT1-us quo? Novel STAT1 variants cause MSMD
Researchers from Tokyo Medical and Dental University discovered three novel STAT1 variants that cause Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) in response to the BCG vaccine. The variants result in loss of function of the STAT1 protein, preventing an appropriate immune response.
Wildlife disease ecologist launches project to help DoD monitor quality of bird habitats on military installations
A new study aims to assess habitat quality by analyzing arthropod food resources in bird diets and vegetation, providing an effective and cost-efficient way for DoD land managers to monitor threatened species. The project uses advanced genetic approaches and bioinformatics expertise to measure habitat quality on military installations.
Facing the heat
Researchers found that Kellet's whelk larvae are susceptible to developmental abnormalities and mortality at high temperatures, with half of hatchlings dying off at 27.6°C and veligers more resistant to defects at 24.9°C
JUA Technologies International receives $600,000 USDA grant to develop solar-powered crop dehydrator
Purdue University professor Klein Ileleji's startup JUA Technologies International aims to improve crop drying methods using a high-efficiency, smart solar dehydrator. The grant will support product-design improvements and manufacturing, enabling small growers to add value to their crops and increase income.
Improving child development by monitoring noisy day cares #ASA183
Researchers aim to provide the highest quality of care possible by understanding the sound environment of child care centers. A 48-hour monitoring period and staff evaluations helped identify factors influencing child and provider experiences.
Masks can put cognitive performance in check
A University of Queensland study analyzing almost three million chess moves found that wearing a mask reduces the average quality of player decisions due to annoyance caused by the masks. The effect subsides after four to six hours of playing, suggesting mask-wearing impact depends on task type and duration.
SourceUniversity of Queensland·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateDec 8, 2022
How selfish genes succeed
A study published in PLoS Genetics reveals the mechanism by which a selfish gene in yeast, wtf4, enables its function using a poison-antidote strategy. This strategy involves the production of poison protein that can kill spores, but is countered by an antidote protein produced only by those spores that inherit the drive allele.
SourceStowers Institute for Medical Research·JournalPLOS Genetics·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
A 2D superatomic-molecule theory unifies the aromaticity rule of π-conjugated systems
A new 2D superatomic-molecule theory unifies the aromaticity rule of π-conjugated systems, explaining local aromaticity and stability through superatomic bonds. The theory provides direct chemical insights into the electronic structure of C60 and graphene, enabling band gap engineering.
New method of reducing carbon dioxide could be a golden solution to pollution
Researchers at Tsinghua University Press developed a gold-based hybrid material that enhances the efficiency of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2 RR) through cucurbit[6]uril modification. The material allows for tunable CO2 enrichment and selective adsorption, leading to improved catalytic performance.
Dietary fiber deficiency in lactating mother can lead to obesity in mouse offspring, biomedical sciences researchers find
A new study published in Cell Host & Microbe found that mice offspring from fiberolean mothers gained striking amounts of weight when fed a Western-style diet. The research suggests that microbial diversity plays a crucial role in obesity development, and that fiber is only beneficial if it's metabolized by beneficial bacteria.
Polarization after COVID-19: Global study published in Nature reveals that the unvaccinated face prejudice in most countries
A global study published in Nature finds that the unvaccinated face significant prejudice in most countries, with many vaccinated people harboring discriminatory attitudes towards them. The study suggests that this prejudice could lead to severe consequences for society, including hindered vaccination uptake and increased mistrust.
Flocking to fire: wildfires don’t deter Americans from moving to at-risk regions
A team of scientists found that Americans are moving to regions prone to wildfires, defying expectations that natural hazards would deter migration. The study suggests that economic factors play a larger role in migration decisions in metropolitan areas, where people are drawn to desirable landscapes with higher year-round temperatures.
Say hello to the toughest material on Earth
Researchers have created a new metal alloy that boasts the highest recorded toughness, with properties that improve at lower temperatures. The alloy, CrCoNi, exhibits exceptional strength and ductility, making it ideal for structural applications, despite most materials becoming brittle at low temperatures.
New findings on how to avert excessive weight loss from COVID-19
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet discovered that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers blood vessel formation in fat tissues, leading to thermogenic metabolism and significant weight loss. Blocking this process with an antiangiogenic drug restored weight loss in mice and hamsters infected with the virus.
Breast cancer patients who interrupted endocrine therapy to pursue pregnancy did not experience worse short-term recurrence rates
Younger breast cancer patients who paused endocrine therapy to pursue pregnancy experienced similar short-term rates of breast cancer recurrence as those who continued therapy. The study found that many women were able to conceive and deliver healthy babies, with conception and childbirth rates comparable to the general public.
Volatile pay for gig workers linked to health problems
Research by the American Psychological Association reveals that gig workers relying on tips, commissions, and performance bonuses experience worse physical health symptoms, including poor sleep quality and headaches. Businesses and lawmakers are advised to consider implementing more stable forms of compensation to protect workers' health.
Efficient synthesis of (-)-quinine paves the way for malarial drug development and more
A team from Tohoku University has developed an efficient synthesis of (-)-quinine, a key compound in malaria treatment, enabling further medication development. The new method uses organocatalyst-mediated reactions, reducing the number of steps and chemical waste.
Chemically modified nanosheets for biomedical applications
Researchers have developed chemically modified nanosheets that can effectively deliver drugs to diseased cells, reducing side effects. The nanosheets, made from molybdenum disulphide, can exchange natural thiols with attached ligands, allowing for targeted drug delivery.
$11m NIH grant will support evaluation of Alzheimer’s screening tool in primary care settings
Researchers aim to reduce disparities in dementia diagnosis and treatment with a 5-minute screening tool. The study will enroll 6,600 participants in urban and rural communities.
Computational system streamlines the design of fluidic devices
A new computational tool can generate an optimal design for a complex fluidic device without requiring manual assumptions about its shape. The system uses anisotropic materials to represent tiny voxels, allowing it to create smooth curves and intricate designs that other methods cannot.
Sr-Nd isotope baseline in Silk Road regions enables archaeological provenance
Researchers developed a Sr-Nd isotope baseline for the Silk Road regions, enabling accurate provenance of plant-ash glass. The study confirmed multiple origins of the glass, including Central Asia and Mesopotamia.
SourceUniversity of Science and Technology of China·JournalJournal of Archaeological Science·DateDec 8, 2022
Scientist mimic nature to make nano particle metallic snowflakes
Researchers in New Zealand and Australia created metallic nanocrystals by experimenting with gallium, a soft metal that liquifies at room temperature. The resulting 'metallic snowflakes' exhibit six-branched symmetry and self-assemble using atoms, offering a novel bottom-up approach to nanostructure formation.
Mode-division demultiplexing spectrometer
The authors propose a new concept for MDM spectroscopy and demonstrate the first integrated mode-division demultiplexing spectrometer. The spectrometer combines mode demultiplexing and spectral detection by dispersion of structure and photocurrent measurement, achieving high spectral resolution.
Researchers harvest electricity from wood soaking in water
Scientists at KTH Royal Institute of Technology have developed a method to harness electricity from wood placed in water, producing small amounts of bioelectricity. By nanoengineering the wood's surface area and porosity, they improved electricity generation by 10 times compared to natural wood.
SourceKTH, Royal Institute of Technology·JournalAdvanced Functional Materials·TypeObservational study·DateDec 8, 2022
Animal herbivores hamper nitrogen fixation in tropical forests
Research in tropical forests reveals that nitrogen-fixing trees are vulnerable to herbivory by insects, limiting their growth and survival. This constraint could undermine reforestation efforts and the role of these trees in sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Georgia State University Researcher awarded $3 million to study brain cancer survivors
Tricia King's project aims to create personalized treatment plans for brain cancer survivors by identifying environmental, clinical, and genetic risk factors. The research has the potential to improve treatment outcomes for patients with various types of cancer.
Climate whiplash increased wildfires on California's west coast about 8,000 years ago
Researchers found that oscillations between extreme wetness and aridity in California were closely linked with wildfires during the 8.2-kiloyear event. The study suggests that hydroclimate fluctuations will become more common due to global warming, leading to an increase in wildfire activity.
Inequities, research gaps in ophthalmology
A review of 75 publications found significant knowledge gaps on health inequities affecting the LGBTQ+ community and minority groups, including American Indian and Alaska Native individuals. The study emphasizes the importance of investigating barriers to clinical studies and medical trainee recruitment in under-resourced areas.
Strengthen oversight of risky research on pathogens
A recent guidance framework highlights substantial gaps in biosecurity policies for dual-use research of concern and work proposing to enhance pandemic pathogens. Experts suggest expanding pathogen governance and making risk assessments publicly available.
Novel two-dimensional homogeneous bias device induced under moderate pressure
Researchers developed a two-dimensional homogeneous bias device using moderate pressure, overcoming weak interlayer coupling in magnetic materials. The device exhibits excellent exchange bias effects due to atomically smooth magnetic interfaces.
SourceHefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences·JournalAdvanced Materials·DateDec 8, 2022
Graphene scientists firstly manufactured a difunctional composite for high-performance Li-S batteries under extremely low temperatures
Researchers developed a novel separator using graphene oxide, acetylene black and polypropylene to suppress lithium polysulfide dissolution and improve lithium-ion transportation. The new separator enables efficient Li-S batteries with better performance and stability.
SourceInternational Journal of Extreme Manufacturing·JournalInternational Journal of Extreme Manufacturing·DateDec 8, 2022
Astronomers discover enigmatic cosmic explosion
Researchers observed a gamma-ray burst that defied categorization, sparking an international investigation. The team discovered a kilonova, a smoking-gun proof of neutron star collision, which challenged existing theories on short gamma-ray bursts.
SourceUniversity of Copenhagen - Faculty of Science·JournalNature·TypeObservational study·DateDec 8, 2022
Guideline-directed hemoglobin targets in children with kidney disease may not optimize growth
A study of 510 children with chronic kidney disease found that declining hemoglobin levels were associated with significant growth impairment even when above guideline-targeted levels. Lower hemoglobin values are linked to poorer growth, independent of kidney function and age.
An important step towards strong and durable biobased plastics
Researchers have overcome the low reactivity of biobased secondary diols in polyester synthesis by incorporating an aryl alcohol. This leads to high molecular weight materials with improved mechanical- and thermal properties, outperforming existing plastics like PET.
SourceUniversiteit van Amsterdam·JournalNature Communications·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
Hundreds-fold electrochemical measurement output brings data science to reveal microbial electricity generation mechanisms
Researchers developed a device capable of taking hundreds of times more electrochemical measurements than conventional devices, enabling the analysis of molecular mechanisms that enable microorganisms to efficiently generate electricity. The technique can also be used to analyze materials interacting with microorganisms.
Researchers explore causes of thermal runaway in lithium-sulfur batteries
The study reveals that strong exothermic reactions between dendritic lithium and dissolved higher-order polysulfides drive the temperature rise of deeply cycled lithium-sulfur pouch cells. Inhibiting the polysulfide shuttle is essential to improve thermal safety.
Could a nasal spray treat sleep apnea?
A nasal spray has shown promising results in treating obstructive sleep apnea by preventing airway narrowing during sleep. The treatment, which targets specific receptors on the upper airways, improved airway stability and was well-tolerated in a small clinical trial.
SourceFlinders University·JournalCHEST Journal·TypeRandomized controlled/clinical trial·DateDec 8, 2022
Treatment decision guided by circulating tumor cell count may improve long-term outcomes for patients with metastatic breast cancer
Using circulating tumor cell (CTC) count to guide treatment decisions between chemotherapy and endocrine therapy improved overall survival in patients with metastatic, estrogen receptor-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer. CTC count-based strategies resulted in better long-term outcomes for patients with high vs. low CTC counts.
How big, bulky drugs get into our cells
Researchers at UCSF and Arc Institute have discovered a cellular uptake pathway for larger drug molecules composed of linked subunits. This knowledge can be harnessed to create new drugs that are efficiently taken up by target cells, overcoming a fundamental challenge in drug discovery.
Scientists propose novel open-path multi-pass cell to measure atmospheric H2O and CO2 fluxes on line
A research team from Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed a new design for online measurement of atmospheric H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes using an open-path and anti-pollution multi-pass cell. The cell's unique coating design improved stability and durability, achieving accuracy comparable to commercial instruments.
SourceHefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences·JournalOptics Express·DateDec 8, 2022
Predicting future landscape of a river
A joint research team used an eco-morphodynamic model to predict the future landscape evolution of Naeseongcheon Stream in Korea. The model simulated vegetation growth and development, resulting in a 20% tree cover by 2031. This modeling can aid decision-making for river and vegetation management.
P53 could be key to therapies for salivary gland cancer
Researchers found that activating the non-mutated form of P53 can change the fundamental makeup of cancer stem cells in mouse models of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. This new therapy approach shows promise for treating this lethal form of salivary gland cancer.
SourceMichigan Medicine - University of Michigan·JournalClinical Cancer Research·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
Do former football players age faster?
A new study published in British Journal of Sports Medicine found that former professional football players, particularly linemen, tend to develop age-related diseases earlier than the general population. The research team analyzed data from nearly 3,000 former NFL players and found their health spans were reduced by nearly a decade. T...
Going with the flow
Lei Fang's NSF-funded project models interactions between active matter and transport barriers to improve understanding of ocean currents and drone technologies. The study uses a laboratory flow system with tiny zooplankton, brine shrimp, to examine the effect of their movement on transport barriers.
Estrogen may offer protection against delirium
Researchers at Cedars-Sinai found that estrogen can prevent symptoms of delirium in mice with urinary tract infections, reducing IL-6 levels in the blood and protecting neurons. The study suggests estrogen may be a tool to mitigate delirium, particularly in older women with UTIs.
Scientists reveal the role of immune progenitor cells in the repair of inflamed intestinal tissue
Researchers from Kumamoto University reveal how hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells orchestrate intestinal tissue repair through microbial signals. The study found that acute gut inflammation triggers the activation and expansion of immune progenitor cells, which migrate to lymph nodes to promote tissue repair.
UCSF researchers uncover new pathway for molecular cancer drug therapies
Researchers at UCSF have uncovered a cellular uptake pathway important for larger molecules, enabling the creation of new drugs for cancer and other diseases. The discovery of an endogenous pathway involving interferon-induced transmembrane proteins promotes the efficient entry of diverse linked chemotypes into target cells.
SourceUniversity of California San Francisco Medical Center·JournalScience·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
Digital healthcare, location optimization and road improvements are recommended to improve healthcare in Ho Chi Minh City
A study by the University of Eastern Finland and Vietnam National University found that people in urban areas have better access to healthcare than suburban residents. The researchers recommend digital healthcare solutions to improve healthcare quality and accessibility in a cost-effective manner.
Clues found regarding tumor suppressor gene’s breast cancer activity
Researchers found that HOXA5 binds to IκB-α, boosting its cancer-suppressing properties and inhibiting NF-kappa B's transcription of cancer-causing genes. This helps prevent breast cancer formation by 'putting brakes' on an inflammatory pathway.
Electric car sales drive toward cleaner air, less mortality
Research found that widespread electric vehicle adoption will significantly reduce air pollution and associated mortality in US metropolitan areas, with Los Angeles projected to see 1,163 fewer premature deaths annually. Electric vehicles could bring up to $12.61 billion in economic health benefits by 2050.
Palaeontology: No supersonic boom for dinosaur tails
A modelling study published in Scientific Reports found that diplodocid tails were unlikely to create a supersonic boom due to their slow movement speed. The authors simulated tail movements using a model and found that adding hypothetical structures to the end of the tail did not allow it to reach the speed of sound without breaking.
The messy death of a star
A team of astronomers used JWST images to piece together the death of a 500-million-year-old star, which created shrouds of gas and left a remnant dense white dwarf. The study reveals evidence of two or three companion stars that hastened its death, with implications for supernovae and gravitational wave systems.
Largest study of its kind reveals adjuvant chemotherapy improves overall survival for pancreatic cancer patients
A nationwide retrospective study showed that adjuvant chemotherapy after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery significantly improved overall survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, regardless of lymph node status or resection margins. The study included nearly 900 patients and was published in JAMA Oncology.
Argentine ants will do anything for sugar, but they won’t do this
In a surprising twist, researchers found that starving Argentine ants exercise caution when foraging in high-risk environments, unlike expectations. This counterintuitive strategy may contribute to their success as an invasive species and agricultural pest.
SourceUniversity of California - Los Angeles·JournalCurrent Zoology·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
Improving bladder cancer trials and treatments goal of new $6 million CPRIT recruit
Dr. Keith Chan joins Houston Methodist to enhance chemoimmunotherapy responses in bladder cancer, while also expanding research into pancreatic and skin cancers. He will lead translational research and mentor next-generation cancer researchers.
Researchers gain a better understanding of how the most commonly used ADHD medication works
A new study has shed light on how the most commonly used ADHD medication, methylphenidate, works in the brain. The research found that methylphenidate increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and improves coordinated brain network activity, resulting in more stable sustained attention in children with ADHD.
SourceElsevier·JournalBiological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging·TypeObservational study·DateDec 8, 2022
Economical eco-friendly fabrication of high efficiency chalcopyrite solar cells
Researchers develop low-cost and eco-friendly method for high efficiency CIGSSe solar cells, achieving power conversion efficiency larger than 17%, by using aqueous spray deposition in air environment.
SourceIncheon National University·JournalAdvanced Functional Materials·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
Your dog’s behavior is a product of their genes
A study analyzing DNA samples from over 200 dog breeds and nearly 50,000 pet-owner surveys pinpointed genes behind canine behavioral traits. The researchers found that common sets of genes were responsible for behaviors among dog breeds well-suited for similar tasks, such as hunting or herding.
Adding capivasertib to fulvestrant improves progression-free survival in patients with advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer
A phase III clinical trial found that adding the AKT inhibitor capivasertib to fulvestrant doubles median progression-free survival in patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer resistant to aromatase inhibitors. This improvement is associated with a lower risk of tumor progression and manageable side effects.
Prudent healthcare approach key to transforming health and care system
A prudent approach to health and care incorporates patient values and focuses on high-impact work. By prioritizing people's needs and values, the health and social care system can tackle health inequalities and achieve better outcomes.
Study finds non-heavy alcohol use associated with liver fibrosis
Researchers found non-heavy alcohol use associated with liver fibrosis and at-risk nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a large cohort of participants. The study highlights the importance of reducing alcohol intake and adherence to US Dietary Guidelines for liver health.
SourceBoston University School of Medicine·JournalClinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology·TypeSurvey·DateDec 8, 2022
One-minute bursts of activity during daily tasks could prolong your life, finds study
Research found that three to four one-minute bursts of vigorous physical activity per day can lead to significant reductions in mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer. The study, led by the University of Sydney's Charles Perkins Centre, used wrist-worn tracker data from UK Biobank to measure incidental physical activity.
Arsenic-contaminated water associated with antibiotic resistance in children, study finds
A new study finds that areas with high levels of arsenic contamination in drinking water have a higher prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in both water and child stool samples. The study highlights the potential for environmental drivers like arsenic to contribute to antimicrobial resistance.
Molecular understanding of calcium-sensitive protein could explain the mysteries of long-term memory – and more
A team led by UMass Amherst scientist Margaret Stratton is studying the calcium-sensitive protein CaMKII to understand long-term memory and its potential therapeutic applications. The research has far-reaching implications for treating neurologic diseases, cardiac dysfunction, and infertility.
Immune system of modern Papuans shaped by DNA from ancient Denisovans
A recent study found that Denisovan DNA sequences near immune-related genes in modern Papuans regulate their activity, affecting how people respond to infections. The research suggests that Denisovan DNA contributed to the adaptation of early modern humans living in New Guinea and nearby islands.
Story tips from the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory, December 2022
Researchers developed biocomposites from corn stover and switchgrass for 3D printing with satisfactory properties. A national hydropower testing facility network can accelerate innovation and adoption of clean energy technologies. An EV truck stop design enables megawatt-scale charging, reducing carbon emissions.
Longitudinal field laser processing enabling high aspect ratio 10 nm features produced in sapphire
A team of scientists has developed a novel method to demonstrate a high-purity longitudinal femtosecond laser field, enabling the creation of 10nm features in sapphire with unprecedented resolution. The technique uses an 800nm wavelength femtosecond laser source and spatial light modulators to produce a high-quality annular beam with r...
SourceLight Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS·JournalLight Science & Applications·DateDec 8, 2022
Clues found regarding tumor suppressor gene’s breast cancer activity
A new study reveals that HOXA5 binds to protein IκB-α, boosting its cancer-suppressing properties and reducing the development of breast cancers. The presence of HOXA5 suppresses malignancy in breast epithelial cells by blunting NF-κB action.
Researchers determine genetic variants offered protection during Black Death, associated with current autoimmune disorders
A study found that genetic variants near ERAP2 and TICAM2 provided protection against Yersinia pestis, the bacterium responsible for the Black Death. These variants were also associated with improved detection and resistance to other pathogens, but at a cost: increased risk of autoimmune disorders like Crohn's disease.
SourceCarl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign·JournalNature·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
Highlighting the molecular mechanism underlying pancreatic cancer development
Researchers visualized the (pro)renin receptor's protein binding site and found hand-shaped grooves allowing for multiple protein binding. The study provides new insight into disease pathogenesis and aids in exploring novel treatments.
New treatments for Huntington’s disease
An interdisciplinary team from Erlangen has found a new treatment for Huntington's disease by accelerating the degradation of a specific messenger molecule necessary for protein synthesis. This reduces the huntingtin level in patients, offering new hope for long-term implementation of RNA-modifying approaches for fatal diseases.
SourceFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg·JournalNature Communications·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
Findings for invasive insect’s life cycle could aid management in southeast
Researchers found the emerald ash borer completes its life cycle in one year in North Carolina, contrasting with a two-year cycle in northern US. This knowledge will aid in releasing parasitoid wasps to manage the insect.
Finding simplicity within complexity
A University of Houston researcher has developed a method to describe complex systems using the least number of variables possible, reducing complexity from millions to just one. This advancement speeds up science with efficiency and ability to understand and predict natural system behavior.
Warming seas’ negative impact on giant kelp starts in early life – Otago study
A University of Otago study found that rising ocean temperatures stunt spore settlement and germination in giant kelp. Temperatures above 23.8°C significantly decline germ-tube length, highlighting the vulnerability of early life stages in this valuable ecosystem engineer.
Antibodies to common antibiotic possible new risk factor for type 1 diabetes
A study found that antibodies to common antibiotic gentamicin are associated with an increased risk of progression to type 1 diabetes in children already genetically at risk. The researchers also identified an association between the FUT2 gene and the production of these antibodies, which may be compounding risks for type 1 diabetes.
Team undertakes study of lithium deposition behavior in hard carbon hosts
A team of researchers from Tsinghua University Press has developed a strategy to tackle the challenges of lithium metal anodes using hard carbon hosts. The study found that introducing lithiophilic sites and localized high-concentration electrolytes can moderate dendrite growth and inhibit volume expansion, resulting in a dendrite-free...
ECNU Review of Education Special Issue: Ethical codes for kindergarten teachers from different countries
The special issue explores key characteristics of ethical codes, their underlying values, and challenges in implementing them. Studies highlight common ethical values across cultures, emphasizing the importance of autonomy and care in early childhood education.
SourceCactus Communications·JournalECNU Review of Education·TypeCommentary/editorial·DateDec 8, 2022
3D-printed decoder, AI-enabled image compression could enable higher-res displays
A UCLA team developed a system that compresses images using AI and decodes them using an optical decoder made from a 3D-printed plastic sheet. The tech can project high-resolution 3D holograms with lower power consumption, enabling wearable technology with higher image quality.
SourceCalifornia NanoSystems Institute·JournalScience Advances·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
People with disabilities who mis-use opioid drugs 73% more likely to attempt suicide, national US study finds
A national US study found that people with disabilities who misuse opioid drugs are 73% more likely to attempt suicide. The study, which looked at over 38,000 adults, also found that those with disabilities were more likely to have serious thoughts of suicide and make a plan or attempt to take their own life.
Incoherent use of ethnoracial categories in biomedical literature on COVID-19
Researchers analyzed 119 articles from the Lit Covid database to understand how researchers use ethnoracial categories in biomedical studies. The study found that many articles used terms 'race' or 'ethnicity' without clear definitions, leading to confusion and misinterpretation of research findings.
SourceInterdisciplinary Centre for Ethics, Jagiellonian University in Kraków·JournalMedicine Health Care and Philosophy·TypeSystematic review·DateDec 8, 2022
Fjords, small in size and number, are significant carbon reservoirs
A new study reveals that fjords store 11-12% of the ocean's carbon, making them small but mighty planetary 'thermostats' that regulate temperature. Fjords are highly reactive, releasing carbon back into the atmosphere during glacial periods.
Even early forms of liver disease affect heart health, Cedars-Sinai study finds
A Cedars-Sinai study found that even subtle forms of liver disease directly impact heart health, with elevated FIB-4 scores associated with abnormalities in heart function and vascular dimension. Cardiac MRI scans revealed that nearly 86% of patients had at least one heart abnormality.
Adding yoga to regular exercise improves cardiovascular health and wellbeing
A pilot study found that incorporating yoga into a regular exercise routine reduces systolic blood pressure and resting heart rate, improving 10-year cardiovascular risk. Yoga was more effective than stretching exercises alone in reducing cardiovascular risk factors.
How a cell's mitochondria make their own protein factories
Researchers used cryo-electron microscopy to study mitoribosome assembly in yeast and humans, revealing similarities and differences in protein involvement and RNA folding. The findings provide insights into molecular complexity and diversity, with potential implications for severe diseases such as Perrault syndrome.
Solving the puzzle: Cubic silicon carbide wafers demonstrate high thermal conductivity, second only to diamond
Researchers at the University of Illinois have solved a long-standing puzzle about cubic silicon carbide's thermal conductivity, which is higher than previously thought. The team measured an isotropic high thermal conductivity of over 500 W m–1 K–1, ranking it second only to diamond.
SourceUniversity of Illinois Grainger College of Engineering·JournalNature Communications·DateDec 8, 2022
FSU research links common sweetener with anxiety
Researchers at Florida State University have found that aspartame, a common artificial sweetener, can cause anxiety-like behavior in mice. The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that aspartame's effects extend up to two generations from exposure, affecting male mice and their offspring.
SourceFlorida State University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateDec 8, 2022
Aston University forensic linguistics experts partner in $11.3 million funding for authorship attribution research
The Aston University Institute for Forensic Linguistics is part of the AUTHOR research consortium, which aims to infer authorship of uncredited documents based on writing style. The project will focus on feature discovery and has promising applications in identifying counterintelligence risks and combating misinformation online.
How intensive agriculture turned a wild plant into a pervasive weed
Research at the University of British Columbia found that intensive agriculture has driven rapid evolutionary change in waterhemp, a North American native plant, turning it into a problematic weed. The study compared genetic samples from modern farms and historical specimens to track evolution over two centuries.
Babies born to Black mothers in rich countries twice as likely to die in first weeks of life
Research reveals significant disparities in perinatal outcomes between babies born to Black and white mothers in high-income countries, with Black women experiencing twice the neonatal mortality rate. The study analyzed 2.2 million pregnancies across 20 countries, highlighting systemic issues that need international attention.
Gut microbiomes of mouse pups are permanently altered when moms are fed a low-fiber diet while nursing
Researchers found that when nursing mother mice are fed a low-fiber diet, their offspring's microbiome is permanently altered, resulting in gut inflammation and obesity. The study suggests that regular fiber intake helps fuel the microbiome, allowing diverse bacteria to thrive.
White Americans who believe white people are poor are more likely to support welfare policies
New research finds that White Americans' beliefs about their own poverty influence their attitudes towards the poor and support for welfare policies. These effects are strongest among those experiencing status threat from Black people, suggesting a motivation to maintain racial status quo.
SourceSociety for Personality and Social Psychology·JournalPersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
Polymer synthesis research expands, simplifies manufacturing of materials
Graham Collier's research aims to streamline synthetic polymer production using pyrrolopyrrole building block, reducing steps and natural resource usage. The project could lead to faster, more sustainable electronics production and contribute to KSU's mission as a top-tier research university.
THE LANCET: Racism, discrimination, and xenophobia are fundamental drivers of health disparities worldwide and must be universally acknowledged as a public health threat
A new Lancet Series reveals racism, xenophobia, and discrimination as fundamental drivers of health inequities worldwide. These social and political factors have profound effects on the health of disadvantaged populations, including higher mortality rates, poorer health outcomes, and limited access to healthcare.
Harvard researchers discover embryonic origins of adult pluripotent stem cells
Researchers discovered the cellular mechanism and molecular trajectory for formation of adult pluripotent stem cells in the acoel worm Hofstenia miamia. This study provides insight into regenerative abilities of certain animals and may lead to new understanding of how stem cells are made.
SourceHarvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology·JournalCell·DateDec 8, 2022
Explaining the DNA repair mechanism
A recent study has unveiled how nucleotide excision repair (NER) is controlled at the molecular level, shedding light on its role in cancer treatment. The research revealed that TFIIH uses XPG to stimulate motor activity and locate damaged DNA, licensing XPG nuclease activity to excise it.
SourceKing Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST)·JournalNucleic Acids Research·DateDec 8, 2022
Assessing El Niño ‘flavors’ to unravel past variability, future impact
Scientists analyze past El Niño events to better understand climate patterns over the past 12,000 years. They found that Eastern Pacific events have increased in frequency, while Central Pacific and Coastal events have decreased, resulting in changes in hydroclimate in the tropical Pacific.
SourceUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa·JournalNature Communications·TypeComputational simulation/modeling·DateDec 8, 2022
Researchers identify a critical inhibitory site in an energy-producing enzyme, which can lead to rational design of antibiotics
A team of researchers has discovered a new mechanism to inhibit the critical enzyme in the respiratory chain, making it effective against drug-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The findings could lead to the development of novel antibiotics with a different mechanism of action.
Tin selenide nanosheets enables to develop wearable tracking devices
Researchers have synthesized 2D tin selenide nanosheets with remarkable piezoelectricity, enabling the development of self-powered wearable health tracking devices. The synthesis technique and performance of these nanosheets were improved using chemical vapor deposition.
Smilodon's sabre teeth
A study by University of Liège researchers provides insight into the mechanisms of Smilodon's biting efficiency, using high-precision 3D scans and simulation methods. The results show that sabre-toothed predators can effectively hunt despite their long canine teeth.
SourceUniversity of Liège·JournalProceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences·DateDec 8, 2022
Radiation shielding: MAPbI3/epoxy composites exhibit superior performance
Scientists have developed a new composite material that exhibits excellent gamma-ray shielding performance, 10 times higher than epoxy. Crystal plane engineering plays a crucial role in regulating the electron density of MAPbI3/epoxy composites, improving their ability to absorb radiation.
SourceLight Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS·JournalLight: Advanced Manufacturing·DateDec 8, 2022
Low nutritional quality in vegetarian meat substitutes
A recent study by Chalmers University of Technology reveals that many vegetarian meat substitutes sold in Sweden are low in iron and zinc due to phytates. The researchers analyzed 44 different products and found that even fortified ones still contain phytates, which inhibit absorption.
Florida mints radiated as peninsula sank and resurfaced during ice ages
Research reveals that Florida's incredible plant diversity was shaped by the peninsula's repeated growth and shrinkage during ice ages. Scrub mints, a unique group of plants endemic to the southeastern US, radiated into multiple new species as they became isolated on islands due to sea level changes.
200 years of intense agriculture helped waterhemp weed become a major pest
A genomic evaluation reveals human-driven genetic mutations that made waterhemp herbicide-resistant and widespread. The plant thrived under agricultural intensification, competing with crops like soy and corn.
Whispers from the deep sea: the subtle sounds of hydrothermal vents #ASA183
Researchers used hydrophones to monitor two deep-sea hydrothermal vents, finding that they produce subtle sounds near the low end of human hearing range. Characterizing these sounds can help predict and prevent environmental impacts of deep-sea mining.
Some benefits, potential risks with alternative medicines for heart failure
A new American Heart Association scientific statement highlights the potential benefits and risks of complementary and alternative therapies for heart failure. The statement advises healthcare professionals to discuss CAM use with patients, monitor medication interactions, and consider pharmacists' consultations.
Plant ecologist awarded NSF grant for restoring the culturally important Emory oak
A five-year project aims to restore the declining Emory oak tree population critical to Western Apache tribal communities for food and cultural purposes. The DISES initiative will support holistic landscape-level approaches to understand threats to these woodlands and inform conservation efforts.
Improving the accuracy of markerless gait analysis
Researchers developed a simple and accurate method for markerless gait analysis, combining RGB camera-based pose estimation with IMU sensor data. The new technique outperformed existing methods in measuring gait parameters and joint angles, showing significant promise for clinical settings and diverse applications.
Life-saving light beam to detect malaria
A new, non-invasive malaria detection tool developed by a University of Queensland-led team can quickly identify entire villages or towns suffering from the disease. The device uses infrared-light and is chemical-free, needle-free, and detects malaria through the skin.
Life in action: researchers capture 3D cellular dynamics across whole organism
A new mesoscopic oblique plane microscopy method captures up to three times more resolvable image points than other similar systems, enabling whole-body volumetric recordings of neuronal activity and blood flow dynamics. The technique allows for single-cell tracking within the complete 3D circulation system for the first time.
First-wave COVID-19 linked to long-term depressive symptoms
A study found that those who had COVID-19 in early 2020 were more likely to experience clinically meaningful levels of anxiety after 13 months. The researchers also identified possible reasons for the increased risk, including pre-existing mental health conditions and lifestyle factors.
New lidar technique could help robotic vehicles land safely on Mars
Researchers developed a new lidar technique using 3D flash lidar combined with super-resolution algorithm for hazard avoidance during landing. The technique improved the precision and safety of robotic vehicles on Mars, enabling them to navigate through challenging environments.
Mount Sinai study links molecular changes to long COVID a year after hospitalization
Researchers identified two molecularly distinct subsets of long COVID symptoms with opposing gene expression patterns during acute COVID-19. These findings suggest multiple independent processes leading to different long COVID symptoms, which are already present during the acute infection.
SourceThe Mount Sinai Hospital / Mount Sinai School of Medicine·JournalNature Medicine·DateDec 8, 2022
Review of fluorescent probes for detecting G-Quadruplex DNA
G-Quadruplex DNA structures play a crucial role in regulating genes and cell processes, but their visualization is challenging due to the dynamic nature of double standard DNA. Fluorescence-active small molecule probes have emerged as a real-time visualization method, enabling researchers to detect G-quadruplexes with high selectivity.
Is it feasible to resume high salinity wastewater as a plant nutrient medium for plant hydroponics in CELSS?
Two crops, celery and cordifolium, were cultivated using reused medium from domestic wastewater and standard Hoagland nutrient solution. The results showed that the reused medium was effective in promoting plant growth, with cordifolium exhibiting better performance than celery, despite initial salt toxicity issues.
SourceBeijing Institute of Technology Press Co., Ltd·JournalSpace Science & Technology·DateDec 8, 2022
Deepmind’s AlphaCode AI system performs competitively in programming competitions
AlphaCode demonstrates impressive code-generation abilities, solving complex programming tasks with critical thinking and problem-solving skills. It achieves an overall average ranking within the top 54.3% of human participants on Codeforces' problems, showcasing its potential to revolutionize programming productivity.
SLAC/Stanford researchers discover how a nano-chamber in the cell directs protein folding
Researchers at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have discovered the role of a tiny cellular machine called TRiC in directing protein folding, contradicting a 70-year-old theory. The study's findings have profound implications for treating diseases linked to protein misfolding, such as certain cancers and neu...
Microbial miners could help humans colonize the moon and Mars
Researchers at UCI and Johns Hopkins discovered that microorganisms can modify minerals through a biochemical process, inspiring new biomimetic mining methods. This discovery could enable humans to build colonies on the moon and Mars using microbes to extract essential minerals.
Finding faults deeply stressful
Researchers at Kyoto University have found that the Tohoku earthquake may have occurred upon a complete stress release, with data suggesting normal faults in both sedimentary formations above and below the plate boundary fault. This discovery provides insights into how fault slipping contributed to the devastating tsunami.
SourceKyoto University·JournalEarth and Planetary Science Letters·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
Ultra-high-resolution photon-counting detector CT: Reconstruction kernel, slice thickness guide protocol
A study published in the American Journal of Roentgenology found that reconstruction using BI64 kernel and 0.4-mm slice thickness yielded improved bronchial division identification and pulmonary fissure sharpness without loss in pulmonary vessel sharpness or pathology conspicuity.
SourceAmerican Roentgen Ray Society·JournalAmerican Journal of Roentgenology·TypeImaging analysis·DateDec 8, 2022
Rheumatoid arthritis drugs lower risk of heart disease
People with rheumatoid arthritis have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease due to inflammation. However, new research suggests that commonly used treatments for RA can also lower this risk by reducing arterial inflammation and disease activity. The study found that immunomodulators like methotrexate and TNFi drugs reduced heart dise...
SourceColumbia University Irving Medical Center·JournalAnnals of the Rheumatic Diseases·TypeRandomized controlled/clinical trial·DateDec 8, 2022
Deep-space optical communication demonstration project forges ahead
The NASA Deep Space Optical Communications project has successfully demonstrated a new type of laser system that can transmit large amounts of data, including high-definition images and video, through space. The system uses a combination of flight and ground-based lasers to establish an optical link between spacecraft and Earth.
Changing the intrinsic behavior of neurons
Researchers developed a new method to target diseased neurons using light, changing their long-term behavior. The approach uses light-sensitive enzymes to create insulating or conductive coatings on cell membranes, tuning excitability in neurons.
SourceHarvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences·JournalScience Advances·DateDec 8, 2022
Quantum receiver enhanced by adaptive learning
Researchers developed a quantum receiver that uses adaptive learning to improve signal decoding in noisy environments. The upgraded receiver achieved record-high efficiency and robust interference visibility, with improved performance compared to conventional designs.
SourceLight Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS·JournalLight Science & Applications·DateDec 8, 2022
Experimental nanosheet material marks a step toward the next generation of low-power, high-performance electronics
Researchers at Tsinghua University developed a high-conductivity material, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), that reduces contact resistance and improves Schottky barrier height in microchips. The team's innovative method uses epitaxial van der Waals contacts to achieve promising results.
CU scientists shine a light on what comes up when you flush
Researchers used bright green lasers and camera equipment to directly visualize aerosol plumes and measure the speed and spread of particles in a toilet flush. The study found that airborne particles shoot out quickly, reaching speeds of 6.6 feet per second and remaining suspended in the air for minutes or longer.
How AI found the words to kill cancer cells
Researchers at UCSF and IBM Research create a predictive model that encodes commands for cells to kill cancer cells. By combining words that guide engineered immune cells, they can predict which elements should be included in a cell to carry out precise behaviors. This advance allows scientists to rapidly design new cellular therapies.
Suicidal thoughts surged as people struggled with finances, isolation during COVID-19
A new study found that suicidal ideation increased by nearly five times during the pandemic, particularly among people living in low-income households and those struggling with loneliness. The study highlights the need for policies and programs providing financial and social support to vulnerable populations.
World's simplest animals get their place in the tree of life
A study by the American Museum of Natural History and collaborators classifies the world's simplest animals, placozoans, using genetic makeup, revealing distinct lineages and relationships to cnidarians and bilaterians. The research establishes a backbone taxonomy for the phylum, providing insight into their evolution and diversity.
SourceAmerican Museum of Natural History·JournalFrontiers in Ecology and Evolution·TypeMeta-analysis·DateDec 8, 2022
University of Birmingham, U.K. announces ‘all language capability’ for tool to expedite Long COVID research
The University of Birmingham has developed a validated symptom burden questionnaire for Long COVID, which can now be translated into hundreds of languages. The questionnaire, called SBQ-Long COVID, aims to capture the complexities of Long COVID and develop or test new treatments.
Study shows new way to produce important molecular entity
Researchers at the University of Münster developed a new way to produce vicinal diamines, which are crucial for biologically active molecules and drugs. The process uses light energy from blue LEDs to produce these unsymmetrically constructed compounds without using transition metals.
How does a cell move? ‘pull the plug’ on the electrical charge on the inner side of its membrane, say scientists
Researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine discovered that regulating the electrical charge on the inner side of the cell membrane can activate pathways responsible for cell movement. This finding has potential implications for understanding cancer cell migration and immune cell function.
USTC realizes on-demand storage of photonic qubits at telecom wavelengths
A USTC research team achieved on-demand storage of photonic qubits at telecom wavelengths using a laser-written waveguide fabricated in an erbium-doped crystal. This innovation increases photon storage efficiency by up to fivefold, reaching 98.3% fidelity and enabling large-scale quantum networking applications.
Evaluation of program to improve telehealth visit attendance
A quality improvement program assisted patients in overcoming video visit access barriers, leading to improved adherence rates. The study found a significant association with both increased video visit attendance and financial savings.
How the ‘hell planet’ got so hot
Researchers discovered that 55 Cnc e orbits its star along the equator, unlike other planets in the system. This unique orbit likely formed when the planet fell toward its star over time, resulting in a scorching surface and interior with possible diamond formation.
Molecules have an orientation, and scientists have a new way to measure it
Researchers at NIST have measured the 3D orientation of polymer chains in plastics, observing complex patterns that dictate material properties. The new technique uses polarization-controlled coherent Raman microscopy to identify molecular orientation patterns, allowing for optimized materials in industries like medicine and electronics.
SourceNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)·JournalJournal of the American Chemical Society·TypeImaging analysis·DateDec 8, 2022
Strategic reserves in Oregon’s forests to prevent biodiversity losses, protect water, and mitigate climate change
A new study provides fine-scale maps to guide action towards protecting Oregon's forests, which are among the highest carbon density in the world. The research aims to increase carbon storage while protecting wildlife and clean water.
SourceConservation Biology Institute·JournalFrontiers in Forests and Global Change·TypeComputational simulation/modeling·DateDec 8, 2022
Canine brain wiring influenced by human-driven breeding practices
Researchers used genomic data from over 4,000 dogs to identify 10 major lineages and behavioral traits that correlate with these lineages. The study found that genomic variations among dog breeds are related to the development of their nervous system, suggesting a link between canine and human brain function.
SourceNIH/National Human Genome Research Institute·JournalCell·TypeExperimental study·DateDec 8, 2022
Oxytocin drives development of neural connections in adult-born neurons
Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine discovered that oxytocin drives the development of neural connections in adult-born neurons. Oxytocin triggers a signaling pathway that promotes synapse maturation, enabling these new neurons to function properly.