Despite substantial weight loss, most obesity drugs such as Wegovy and Mounjaro do not meaningfully improve quality of life and few show cardiovascular benefits at one year, finds an analysis of the latest evidence published by The BMJ today.
More weight loss is also generally accompanied by greater harms including stomach and bowel symptoms, fatigue, and loss of lean (muscle) mass - and improvements are not sustained after stopping treatment.
Several drugs for adults with overweight or obesity produce substantial weight loss, but most have not been compared directly in head-to-head trials, leaving uncertainty about the broader balance of benefits and harms.
To address this, researchers searched scientific databases for randomised controlled trials comparing one or more drugs with lifestyle changes, placebo, or another drug.
They found 262 eligible trials involving 99,791 participants (average age 49; 63% female; average BMI 35) that evaluated 19 currently available and emerging obesity drugs with follow-up from 12 to 172 weeks.
Benefits included changes in body weight, fat mass, and quality of life, while potential harms included changes in lean mass, gastrointestinal adverse events, gallbladder related disorders and fatigue.
The trials were of varying quality, but the researchers were able to assess the certainty of evidence using the recognised GRADE system.
Compared with lifestyle changes alone, the largest weight loss after one year was with tirzepatide (14.9%) and CagriSema (14.8%), followed by oral semaglutide (10.9%), orforglipron (9.9%), subcutaneous semaglutide (9.8%), and phentermine-topiramate (8.1%).
Emerging drugs - including retatrutide, ecnoglutide, and mazdutide - showed large effects on weight loss but are supported by low or very low certainty evidence.
Greater weight loss was consistently accompanied by higher rates of side effects and treatment discontinuation, which the authors say indicates a clear benefit-harm trade-off.
Tirzepatide reduced fat mass the most (by 25.7%) but also lean mass the most (8.3%). Subcutaneous semaglutide was the only drug associated with a reduced risk of death from any cause (19%), heart attack (28%), and heart failure (57%). Tirzepatide also reduced heart failure risk by 51%.
No drug convincingly reduced kidney failure or showed clinically important improvements in quality of life.
The authors acknowledge that most trials had relatively short follow-up, limiting conclusions about long term safety, quality of life, and effects on heart and kidney health. In addition, evidence for several newer drugs was sparse and of low certainty, and trial populations may not fully represent real world patients.
However, they say this review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date comparison of currently available and emerging obesity drugs across a broad set of outcomes important to patients, clinicians, and policymakers.
They conclude: “Treatment decisions for obesity should be individualised, balancing expected benefits, harms, treatment burden, costs, availability, and patient preferences.”
This study represents an important step in providing comparative information to inform patient-clinician discussions about obesity drugs in this rapidly evolving landscape of treatment options, say researchers in a linked editorial.
And they suggest future studies that incorporate individual characteristics, as well as long term outcomes, such as mortality, should provide additional data to inform individualised decision making.
The BMJ
Systematic review
People
Comparative effects of drugs for adults with overweight or obesity: systematic review and network meta-analysis
8-Jul-2026
All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/ and declare: support from Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project, Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau Key R&D Support Plan, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and 1.3.5 project for disciplines of excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University for the submitted work. SL received grants from Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2025ZD0550604), Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau Key R&D Support Plan (2025-YF09-00033-SN), National Natural Science Foundation of China (72342014), and 1.3.5 project for disciplines of excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (ZYYC24001). KK has acted as a consultant, speaker or received grants for investigator initiated studies for Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, Lilly and Merck Sharp & Dohme, Boehringer Ingelheim, Oramed Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Roche, Daiichi-Sankyo, Applied Therapeutics, Embecta, and Nestle Health Science. CLRoux received grants from Irish Research Council, Health Research Board, Science Foundation Ireland, and Anabio; consulting fees from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Johnson & Johnson, Boehringer Ingelheim, GI Dynamics, Herbalife, Altimmune, Irish Life Health, Amgen, Arrowhead, Roche, AstraZeneca, Keyron, Gila Pharmaceuticals, Metsera, Nymble, AbbVie, and Olympus; payments for presentations from NovoNordisk, Herbalife, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, and Currax Pharmaceuticals; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Novo Nordisk, Herbalife, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, and Boehringer Ingelheim; payment for scientific advisory board contributions from Metsera and Nymble. CWLR has acted as an unpaid leadership or fiduciary role in Irish Society for Nutrition and Metabolism and provided clinical obesity care for co-owner obesity clinics that are My Best Weight and Beyond BMI. KK and CWLR did not have a role in assessing the risk of bias of the included studies or in the extraction. TA is chair and board member of the MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation (www.magicevidence.org), a non-profit organisation providing the authoring and publication platform (MAGICapp) to guideline organisations and producing BMJ Rapid Recommendations in partnership with The BMJ. TA has not derived any income from this work. POV is board member and chief scientist in MAGIC and chief scientist, with a part-time income. All other authors declare no competing interests