With the continuous upgrading of electronic products, the development of high-energy power supplies has become a key link in the future development of science and technology. However, the shortage of lithium resources and the difficulty of recycling have become important factors in limiting their development.
Non-lithium based rechargeable batteries with inexhaustible supply of raw materials, such as sodium ion batteries (SIBs), have attracted widespread attention in recent years. As the critical determent for the energy output of SIBs, the development of cathodes has made exciting progress, such as layered materials, polyanions and Prussian blue analogs (PBAs), etc.
Among these cathodes, Mn-based Prussian blue analogues (Mn-Fe PBAs, Na 2 Mn[Fe(CN) 6 ]) represent one of the most promising cathode materials for SIBs since of the higher theoretical capacity and adaptive volume variation. However, Mn-Fe PBAs suffer from poor cycling reversibility and capacity retention during phase transition from cubic to tetragonal phase, which is related to the large structural deformation of Mn-N 6 octahedra caused by Jahn-Teller distortion.
Previous efforts on suppressing the large structural deformation mainly focused on optimized phase structure or partial atomic replacement, but these methods could not maintain a stable cycle while keep a high capacity, which is necessary for the practical application of batteries.
In the study that was published in Cell's Chem , the researchers have developed a controllable strategy to create unconventional cation Mn vacancies (V Mn ) on Mn-Fe PBAs by utilizing a strong chelating agent ethylenediaminet etraacetic acid disodium (Na 2 EDTA). The V Mn in Mn-Fe PBAs could restrain the movement of Mn?N bonds and thereby mitigate the Jahn-Teller distortion of Mn-N 6 octahedra, leading to highly reversible phase transitions of NMF as well as an outstanding long-term cycling stability and capacity retention (refer to image).
Due to the strong chelating effect of EDTA 2- , Mn 2+ and EDTA 2- chelated to form highly stable six-coordinated octahedron that not only greatly slows down the release rate of Mn 2+ as well as the formation rate of EDTA-NMF, but also removes the Mn atoms from the crystal lattice. With the reaction proceeds, the strong coordination of Na 2 EDTA would continue to etch the NMF and create more V Mn on the surface.
The V Mn in Mn-Fe PBAs could be acted as the first barrier to prevent the structural damage during battery cycling. As a result, the Mn-Fe PBAs exhibited an outstanding long-term cycling stability and capacity retention for both half-cell (72.3 % after 2700 cycles at 0.5 A g-1) and full-cell (75.5% after 550 cycles at 0.1 A g -1 ).
"Considering the facile synthesis and great diversity of PBAs, this work not only promotes creative synthetic methodologies for controllable defect or vacancy engineering, but also opens unlimited avenues to explore the relationship between structure, vacancies and electrochemical performances in materials beyond PBAs," said lead author Associate Professor Yang Hui Ying from SUTD.
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Chem