"Media create the audience for most advertising. Consumers come to a medium for its content," explain Jing Wang (University of Iowa) and Bobby Calder (Northwestern University). "If the ad interrupts the transportation experience, this in itself creates a negative experience associated with the ad,"
When the story is personally relevant to the reader, these effects are increased. Conversely, ads that are relevant to the reader's personal goals are deemed the most intrusive. However, absorption in a narrative does not always cause the reader to view ads negatively. The researchers found that absorption in a story can enhance the effect of advertisements – if they appear after the story has ended.
"Transportation can have both negative and positive effects on advertising," write the authors. "If an ad does not interfere with this process, say by occurring after the story is completes, the positive experience of transportation will be associated with the ad."
Jing Wang and Bobby Calder. "Media Transportation and Advertising" Journal of Consumer Research. September 2006.
Journal of Consumer Research