A new discovery has reshaped our understanding of PCR chip technology: water vapor, not air expansion, is the primary culprit behind bubble formation in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based chips. This revelation has led to the development of a high-pressure liquid seal technique that effectively eliminates bubbles and prevents water loss during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process. The innovation simplifies chip design, enhances operational stability, and boosts the reliability of PDMS PCR chips, paving the way for more efficient applications in critical fields such as cancer screening and virus detection.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology is a cornerstone of modern diagnostics, enabling precise nucleic acid quantification in applications ranging from disease detection to prenatal testing. Microfluidic chips, especially those made from PDMS, have gained traction due to their compact size, rapid reaction speeds, and ability to handle multiple reactions simultaneously. However, a persistent challenge has hindered their widespread adoption: the formation of bubbles and the loss of sample moisture during thermal cycling. These issues not only alter sample volumes but also increase the risk of cross-contamination and fluctuations in ion concentration, ultimately compromising PCR accuracy. Addressing these technical roadblocks has become a pressing research priority in the quest for more reliable PCR chip technology.
Published (DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00725-1) on September 27, 2024, in Microsystems & Nanoengineering , researchers from the Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, unveiled a novel high-pressure liquid seal technique that effectively counters bubble formation in PDMS-based PCR chips. Their study conclusively demonstrated that water vapor diffusion, rather than air expansion, is the driving force behind bubble formation. By creating a high-pressure liquid environment, the researchers successfully prevented vapor-induced bubbles, significantly improving PCR chip performance and reliability.
The research team discovered that at elevated temperatures, water vapor saturation pressure rises sharply, leading to bubble formation within PDMS chips. Unlike previous assumptions that attributed bubbles to trapped air expansion, experiments confirmed that water vapor can penetrate PDMS and create bubbles even in the absence of significant thermal expansion. To counter this, the scientists developed a high-pressure liquid seal technique, maintaining an internal pressure above 109 kPa. This approach not only prevents bubble formation but also curbs water loss, eliminating the need for complex structural modifications or additional sealing materials. Furthermore, the liquid seal acts as a protective barrier, isolating the chip from external air and mitigating the "respiratory" effect that accelerates evaporation. The technique was successfully validated in digital PCR (dPCR) chips, demonstrating its potential to maintain sample integrity and minimize cross-contamination.
"This study marks a significant leap forward in PCR chip technology by resolving the long-standing issue of bubble formation," said Dr. Tiegang Xu, one of the lead researchers. "The high-pressure liquid seal technique simplifies chip design while significantly enhancing PCR reliability and efficiency, making it more accessible for a wide range of diagnostic applications."
The implications of this breakthrough extend far beyond laboratory settings. By ensuring accurate and consistent PCR results, the high-pressure liquid seal technique holds promise for revolutionizing medical diagnostics, particularly in cancer screening, infectious disease detection, and prenatal testing. The ability to prevent bubble formation and water loss enhances chip durability, reducing the likelihood of errors and contamination. Moreover, this innovation could drive the development of cost-effective, disposable PCR chips, making cutting-edge diagnostic tools more accessible in resource-limited regions. With its simplicity and effectiveness, the technique is poised to accelerate the integration of microfluidic PCR technology into both clinical practice and research, unlocking new possibilities in precision medicine.
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References
DOI
Original Source URL
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-024-00725-1
Funding Information
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82372088), the National Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2021A1515010266), the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (202206193000001, 20220816161126002), the Foundation of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument (2020B1212060077), 2021 Foshan Science and Technology Innovation Team for Young-Top Talents (2120001010795).
About Microsystems & Nanoengineering
Microsystems & Nanoengineering is an online-only, open access international journal devoted to publishing original research results and reviews on all aspects of Micro and Nano Electro Mechanical Systems from fundamental to applied research. The journal is published by Springer Nature in partnership with the Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, supported by the State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology.
Microsystems & Nanoengineering
Not applicable
Overcoming bubble formation in polydimethylsiloxane-made PCR chips: mechanism and elimination with a high-pressure liquid seal
27-Sep-2024
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.