A new study by Chinese scientists reveals that the honey bee waggle dance—one of the most famous examples of animal communication—is not a one-way communication but, in fact, a dynamic, two-way interaction shaped by its audience. These findings challenge the traditional view that information flows unidirectionally from dancers to passive followers.
The study, conducted by researchers from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and their collaborators, was published in PNAS on March 23.
To test whether the content of the waggle dance depends on who's watching, the researchers conducted controlled experiments by manipulating the number of potential observers through the removal of nestmates. In another experiment, they increased the number of very young bees that were not yet mature enough to follow dances, while keeping the total hive population stable. They then observed how dancers adjusted their behavior based on the number of appropriately aged bees available to recruit.
The results showed that the content of the dance was influenced both by the presence of followers and by the number of appropriately aged potential followers in the hive.
"Dancers with fewer followers performed fewer dance circuits and encoded direction and distance less precisely," said DONG Shihao of XTBG. "They appeared to be actively seeking an audience. When followers were scarce, dancers spent more time moving and covered greater distances across the comb during the return run of their dance, as if searching for more bees to recruit."
The researchers hypothesized that increased movement, along with more frequent interruptions, may interfere with the dancer's ability to maintain the consistent and precise motions required for accurate communication, leading to greater variability in the information conveyed.
The study provides the first direct evidence that information encoding in the waggle dance is modulated by feedback from receivers—an "audience effect" that has largely been overlooked in animal communication research.
"The waggle dance is not just the sender broadcasting a message; it's a two-way interaction. The signal itself is shaped by the receivers, demonstrating a bidirectional information flow within the colony," said TAN Ken of XTBG.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Observational study
Animals
The audience shapes the information content of the honey bee waggle dance
23-Mar-2026