BALTIMORE, July 27, 2026 — Researchers at Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins Medicine have discovered that memory consolidation during sleep depends on coordinated activity among three brain regions and disruptions to this activity can impair memory performance. This is the first human study to directly link interactions between the orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus and hippocampus to memory, offering new insight into how the brain strengthens memories and how epilepsy can impact the sleep-memory system.
The new research provides the first direct evidence of key memory-related brain regions interacting during sleep to support memory formation. The findings also demonstrate how epileptic spikes can disrupt this brain activity, which could inform future approaches to detect, monitor and treat the cognitive effects associated with the condition.
“We haven’t understood why patients with epilepsy have problems with memory,” said Dr. Catherine Chu, study co-author and vice president of neurology at Kennedy Krieger and director of child neurology and pediatric epilepsy at Johns Hopkins University. “This helps to close that gap.”
In the study, researchers recorded brain activity in the three brain regions in patients with epilepsy. They analyzed how rhythmic patterns of electrical activity, known as neural oscillations, sleep spindles and hippocampal ripples, coordinated across these areas during sleep. By comparing these patterns with measures of memory performance, they determined that stronger coordination was linked to better memory. When epileptic spikes occurred, the activity was interrupted and memory performance declined.
“Each brain recording contains an extraordinary amount of information, and we use tools from mathematics and statistics to turn that complexity into clear patterns with clinical relevance,” said Mark Kramer, study co-author and professor of applied mathematics and statistics at Johns Hopkins University. “These discoveries are possible only because of our interdisciplinary team, no single discipline could have revealed the whole story.”
The study was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health. The article can be viewed here .
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Data/statistical analysis
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