A team including researchers from the University of Tokyo found the distance family caregivers have from people they care for can affect how they reflect on stressful experiences. When caregivers engage in therapeutic writing soon after a stressful event or while they are with the person they care for, they tend to focus their writing on emotional expression or on the care recipient. Waiting for some time, moving to another space, or handing care to someone else, can help caregivers take a more objective view and even work through problems. The researchers used a smartphone app to examine how timing, physical surroundings and caregiving responsibilities affected the carers’ reflective writing.
Family caregivers can experience considerable stress, clouding their ability to look after their own mental well-being. Reflective writing, focused writing about stressful experiences, can help people process these experiences, and it’s a relatively well-established activity. Professor Koji Yatani and graduate student Shunpei Norihama from the Interactive Intelligent Systems Laboratory at the University of Tokyo, and their team, noticed a potential flaw in some common digital methods for helping carers in their reflective or disclosure writing.
“Existing digital tools often expect caregivers to follow a fixed schedule or simply write something when they feel stressed. But anyone caring for a family member knows that you can’t just stop what you are doing to write a diary entry when dealing with a crisis,” said Yatani. “We started this project to understand how a caregiver’s situation and surroundings might affect how they reflect on stressful experiences, and we set up tests to explore this.”
Their study involved 47 family caregivers who used a custom smartphone app called Experience Sampling Method (ESM) over three weeks. The application prompted participants to write about recent stressful caregiving experiences while recording how much time had passed since the event, whether they were physically close to the person they cared for at the time, and whether they had handed over care responsibilities to someone else for any period of time.
The team found that when caregivers wrote immediately after stressful moments or while they were with the care recipient, they tended to express and release their emotions, and they also wrote about their care recipients. Conversely, when the carers waited for some time, or moved to a different room or role before writing, they were more likely to calm down, view the situation objectively, and would even write about solutions to their problems.
“One of the hardest parts was going through all 958 ESM entries collected and categorizing them. We assigned 5,412 labels to describe what participants were writing about and how their reflections developed,” said Norihama. “It took a long time because we had to read each entry carefully and look at how the meaning and focus changed. Instead of using simple measures, such as the number of words people wrote, we looked at what they were actually saying and how their reflections changed depending on their distance from the person they cared for.”
The researchers also found that simply asking caregivers to record their distance and surroundings may help them notice how their environment affects their stress and calmness. They hope these findings will encourage caregivers to recognize when they need to step away from a stressful situation and give themselves time to recover before trying to solve a problem.
“We learned that being close to or far from the person you care for is not necessarily good or bad for your own reflection. Proximity seems to change what caregivers need from reflection. Being close can give them a chance to express their emotions and release frustration, while having some distance can help them look at the situation more calmly and think about what to do next,” said Yatani. “We hope this helps us move away from the idea that there is a correct time or right way for caregivers to reflect, and instead understand that different situations may call for different kinds of reflection.”
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Journal:
Shunpei Norihama, Yuka Iwane, Jo Takezawa, Simo Hosio, Mari Hirano, Naomi Yamashita, and Koji Yatani, “Two Modes of Reflection: How Temporal, Spatial, and Social Distances Affect Reflective Writing in Family Caregiving”, Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, https://doi.org/10.1145/3831973
Funding:
JST ASPIRE – JPMJAP2405
JST BOOST – JPMJBS2418
Academy Research Fellow funding by the Research Council of Finland – 349637, 353790
Useful links:
Interactive Intelligent Systems Laboratory - https://iis-lab.org/
Research Contact:
Professor Koji Yatani
Information & Communication Engineering, The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
koji@iis-lab.org
Press contact:
Mr. Rohan Mehra
Strategic Communications Group, The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
press-releases.adm@gs.mail.u-tokyo.ac.jp
About The University of Tokyo:
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Experimental study
People
Two Modes of Reflection: How Temporal, Spatial, and Social Distances Affect Reflective Writing in Family Caregiving
30-Sep-2026