Tsukuba, Japan—All species of the order Strepsiptera are endoparasitic insects that invade hosts, including hornets, planthoppers, and stink bugs, during the first-instar larval stage and develop within the host body. While adult females remain permanently within the host, adult males emerge after eclosion and actively seek females for mating. Male emergence from hosts has previously been documented in only three strepsipteran families, all emerging from externally exposed sites of the host body, such as the posterior abdomen in hornets or planthoppers. In contrast, in the family Corioxenidae, which parasitizes stink bugs, the male emergence site lies on the dorsal abdomen beneath the host's wings, suggesting that the wings may obstruct emergence. Although this anatomical constraint has long been recognized, direct observations of male emergence in this group have not been reported.
In this study, the researchers observed male emergence in Blissoxenos esakii (Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae), a parasite of the stink bug Macropes obnubilus (Hemiptera: Blissidae). During emergence, the host raised its wings, a behavior not observed in unparasitized individuals. This wing-raising temporarily exposed the concealed emergence site, allowing the male parasite to exit the host body.
These results reveal a previously unrecognized strategy employed by corioxenid parasites to overcome host-imposed morphological barriers. The findings advance our understanding of host range diversification within Strepsiptera and provide insight into how host-utilization strategies have specialized across lineages.
Title of original paper:
Host wing-raising behavior enables emergence of Blissoxenos esakii (Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae) from a site covered by the wings
Journal:
Entomological Science
DOI:
10.1111/ens.70015
ISHIKAWA, Natsuho
Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Assistant Professor KURAMITSU, Kazumu
Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences
Entomological Science
Host wing-raising behavior enables emergence of Blissoxenos esakii (Strepsiptera: Corioxenidae) from a site covered by the wings
8-Apr-2026