The liver's ability to communicate with other organs is crucial for maintaining homeostasis, particularly through signaling pathways. During liver regeneration, communication with organs such as the brain, pancreas, intestine, and heart is vital, mediated by chemical messengers like hormones, cytokines, and growth factors. Among these signals, the TGF-β and HIPPO pathways are critical, functioning as tumor suppressors and regulating liver development and regeneration. The review focuses on these pathways' interplay in maintaining liver homeostasis, facilitating regeneration, and contributing to diseases like hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and cancer.
Liver Physiology and Hepatic Contexts in Health and Disease
The liver performs multiple crucial functions, including nutrient metabolism, bile production for fat digestion, blood detoxification, plasma protein synthesis, blood clotting regulation, and immune response. These functions are regulated by the interplay of various signaling pathways. The TGF-β and HIPPO pathways are particularly relevant due to their roles in tumor suppression and liver regulation. This review delves into the specific interactions between these pathways and their impact on liver physiology and pathology.
TGF-β and HIPPO Signaling Pathways
The TGF-β pathway is essential for regulating cell growth, differentiation, and immune responses. It functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. The HIPPO pathway controls organ size by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, acting through its core components MST1/2, LATS1/2, and downstream effectors YAP and TAZ. In the liver, these pathways interact through various molecular mechanisms, contributing to the regulation of liver development, size, and regeneration.
Interplay of TGF-β and HIPPO Pathways in Liver Regeneration
In liver regeneration, the TGF-β and HIPPO pathways exhibit significant crosstalk. The TGF-β pathway can inhibit YAP/TAZ activity, crucial components of the HIPPO pathway, thus modulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. This interaction is vital for restoring liver function after injury. The pathways' interplay ensures a balanced regenerative response, preventing excessive cell proliferation that could lead to tumorigenesis.
Role in Liver Diseases
Disruptions in the regulation of TGF-β and HIPPO pathways contribute to liver diseases. In fibrosis, the TGF-β pathway promotes the activation of hepatic stellate cells, leading to extracellular matrix deposition and scar formation. The HIPPO pathway's dysregulation can result in uncontrolled cell proliferation, contributing to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Understanding the molecular interactions between these pathways provides insights into the mechanisms underlying liver disease progression and potential therapeutic targets.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process is crucial for liver wound healing and cancer metastasis. TGF-β is a potent inducer of EMT, promoting cell migration and invasion. The HIPPO pathway can modulate EMT by regulating YAP/TAZ activity. The interplay between these pathways influences EMT dynamics, impacting liver regeneration and disease progression.
Conclusion s
The TGF-β and HIPPO signaling pathways are integral to liver physiology, influencing development, regeneration, and disease. Their intricate interplay regulates various cellular processes, from development to adulthood, and their dysregulation contributes to liver pathologies. Understanding these molecular interactions offers potential avenues for therapeutic interventions, aiming to restore liver function and prevent disease progression. The review provides comprehensive insights into the TGF-β and HIPPO pathways' roles in maintaining liver health and their implications in liver diseases.
By examining the roles of these pathways in liver regeneration and disease, researchers can identify novel therapeutic targets to modulate their activity. For instance, targeting TGF-β signaling may help reduce fibrosis, while modulating the HIPPO pathway could prevent uncontrolled cell proliferation in liver cancer. Future studies should focus on elucidating the detailed mechanisms of TGF-β and HIPPO pathway interactions and their implications for liver health and disease management.
https://www.xiahepublishing.com/1555-3884/GE-2023-00192
The study was recently published in the Gene Expression .
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Gene Expression
TGF-β and HIPPO Signaling Pathways Interplay in Distinct Hepatic Contexts
30-Jun-2024