UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — Pregnant women with a history of child abuse or neglect experienced increased inflammation when exposed to mild stress compared to women without the same experiences, according to a new study led by Penn State researchers. Increased inflammation, in turn, was associated with greater numbers of complications during pregnancy and birth, including premature birth, according to the research team.
Inflammation is a biologically protective response: When a person gets sick or hurt, parts of the body become inflamed to stop the spread of disease or injury. Once the threat is resolved, inflammation recedes and the body returns to normal. However, inflammation sometimes persists over time, increasing the risks of heart disease, diabetes, cancer and other health problems.
“Inflammation is not just a response to physical threats,” said Heidemarie Laurent , Edna Bennett Pierce Professor of Compassion and Caring at Penn State and lead author of the study published in Developmental Psychobiology . “Inflammation can also be triggered by psychological stress, and people who were abused or neglected as children are at greater risk of excessive inflammation due to psychological stress. In this study, we wanted to see whether a path could be traced from childhood maltreatment to stress reactivity and then forward to pregnancy outcomes.”
The research team recruited 158 pregnant women in the third trimester of their pregnancy for a laboratory visit where they provided saliva samples. After the first sample was collected, the women were subjected to mild stress — five minutes of public speaking and then five minutes of mental math in front of an evaluator. After the stressful experience, participants provided four more saliva samples at 20-minute intervals. They also answered questions about their experiences with neglect and abuse as children.
The researchers analyzed the saliva samples for the presence of several markers of inflammation in the body, including C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. Because the researchers had collected five samples over time, they were able to detect not only how much inflammation the woman experienced but also how quickly their bodies recovered from inflammation. Women who reported childhood maltreatment — especially those who experienced physical neglect or sexual abuse — had a higher peak inflammatory response to stress and took longer to recover.
With this connection between childhood trauma and inflammatory response to stress established, which confirmed prior Penn State research on the topic, the researchers evaluated whether there was a connection between inflammatory stress response and outcomes during pregnancy and birth.
Three months after their babies were born, 112 participants returned for a second laboratory visit. Women with higher inflammation during the first visit reported more complications during pregnancy and birth. As examples, they were more likely to experience preterm birth and to have a c-section rather than a vaginal delivery.
Laurent, who is also an associate professor of human development and family studies, said the preterm birth result may be particularly important. During pregnancy, she explained, the body becomes inflamed to support the implantation of the fertilized egg and the development of the placenta during the first trimester. During the second and third trimesters, the body suppresses inflammation. When the baby is mature, the body increases inflammation again to prompt the start of labor and delivery.
“If women who have higher than normal inflammatory responses are delivering preterm babies more often, inflammation may be pushing their bodies into labor too soon,” Laurent said. “More research is needed to be sure whether reducing inflammation during pregnancy could reduce preterm births.”
Ultimately, Laurent said her goal is broader than reducing preterm births: She wants to find ways to stop the transmission of all stress-related disease risks from mothers to their children.
“The mother’s body shapes her baby’s brain and other systems,” Laurent said. “If we screen women for a history of child abuse and neglect early in their pregnancies and then identify who has higher levels of inflammation — because not everyone who experiences maltreatment also experiences elevated inflammation later on in life — we could pinpoint who needs extra support to reduce harmful levels of inflammation.”
The researchers said that mindfulness exercises are one potential tool for providing the extra support needed.
Laurent’s prior research demonstrated that mindfulness training can help people regulate multiple stress-response systems. Laurent and her collaborators said they plan to explore whether mindfulness can help pregnant women improve their health and put their children on the path to healthy development.
Other Penn State researchers involved in this research include Kento Suzuki and Penina Backer, doctoral students in human development and family studies; Aastha Dhimal, who earned her bachelor’s degree in biology in 2023; and Sarah Pikhit, who earned her bachelor’s degree in biochemistry and molecular biology in 2026.
Sherryl Goodman, Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Emory University; Karen Rudolph, professor of psychology at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; and Douglas Granger, professor emeritus of psychological science at University of California, Irvine, also contributed to this research.
This research was funded by the National Institutes of Health’s Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development under award number R01HD093627 . The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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Developmental Psychobiology
Observational study
People
Inflammatory Stress Response During Pregnancy as a Connecting Link in Intergenerational Risk Cascades
30-Jun-2026