Articles tagged with Epidemics
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Researchers used ancient dental pulp DNA to identify Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the organism that causes typhoid fever, pointing to it as the probable cause of the Plague of Athens. The study sheds new light on this enigmatic event in medical history.
A large epidemiological study in Vietnam suggests that avian flu transmission to humans is more common than previously recognized, with symptoms often mild and requiring close contact with infected poultry. The study found that direct contact with sick or dead poultry was the highest risk factor for developing flu-like illness.
Researchers developed a new cholera modeling approach that better explains past epidemics, suggesting human-to-human transmission is crucial for outbreak dynamics. The model incorporates the hyperinfectious state of the bacteria, which becomes more infectious when passing through a human host.
A scholar argues that there is no scientific evidence to suggest people classified as 'overweight' are under direct threat from their body weight. The real causes of health issues are diet, exercise, and genetics, not body fat.
A study found that mass treatment interventions in Uganda had no significant impact on reducing the prevalence of human infective T b rhodesiense parasites. Since 1998, over 428 new cases have been diagnosed in the Sorotic district, with an additional 300 cases likely going undiagnosed.
A study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that baby boomers' obesity rates grew substantially compared to previous generations, leading to a surge in arthritis cases attributed to obesity. The researchers suggest that public health strategies could have a major impact on the lives of aging baby-boomers.
Commonly used disease models may make overly optimistic predictions about the levels of public health interventions needed. Researchers found that ignoring the latent period or assuming unrealistic distributions can result in underestimating transmission potential. The study emphasizes the need to consider these factors when making qua...
Researchers identify three reasons to be cautious about an autism epidemic, including a flawed California study and the lack of reporting category for autism in public schools. They propose that the increase in diagnoses may be due to broadened diagnostic criteria and increased public awareness.
The Lancet suggests that aggressive tobacco taxation policies are needed to reduce the demand for tobacco products, which cause 5 million deaths annually. Annual price increases of 50% can lead to a reduction in tobacco consumption by 4-8% in high-income and low-middle income countries, respectively.
Research links seasonal climate variations to meningitis outbreaks in Sahelo-Sudanian Africa. The study suggests that Harmattan winds drive the transmission of meningococcus bacteria, leading to epidemic cycles.
A collaborative study by UCL scientists found that HIV-1 subtype B spread through at least six separate transmission chains in the UK, contradicting the prevailing belief of a single initial entry. The study suggests changes in sexual behavior and lack of impact from antiretroviral therapy may have slowed the epidemic growth.
Researchers found that periodic syphilis outbreaks are caused by a loss of immunity among those at risk of infection, not changes in sexual behavior. The study analyzed data from 68 US cities since the 1940s and found that rises and falls in disease cases followed a distinct 10-year cycle.
Researchers found that small fluctuations in transmission rates can lead to regular, annual epidemics due to interactions between the evolving virus and changing immunity levels. The underlying cause of seasonal fluctuations may be too small to measure.
A new study provides detailed insights into the genetic diversity of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) strains, revealing why some rapidly expand to cause epidemics. The research reveals previously unknown genetic distinctions in M3 strains of GAS.
According to a study published in JAMA, aging populations have led to improved five-year survival rates for heart failure patients. Notably, women outlive men with heart failure by about 4 years, while treatment approaches can be refined to improve patient outcomes and reduce hospitalizations.
A recent study found that nearly half of Los Angeles County residents engage in little to no physical activity, with sedentary behavior more prevalent among those with depression or poor health. The study also highlights the importance of promoting physical activity as part of overall wellness, beyond just weight loss.
A study examines the reasons behind the US epidemic of lung cancer in women, citing data on rising smoking rates and disproportionate impact on adenocarcinoma cases. The authors emphasize the need for more comprehensive research on lung cancer prevention and early diagnosis, particularly among women.
A recent report by the WHO and FAO recommends restricting free sugars to less than 10% of total energy, providing scientific justification for global strategies. Dr Jim Mann's research suggests that sucrose and other free sugars contribute significantly to the global obesity epidemic, highlighting the importance of reducing sugar intake.
A study published in Obesity Research found that customers who were served larger portions of high-calorie foods consumed significantly more calories, often without noticing. The study's findings suggest that portion size can have a significant impact on food consumption and weight management.
Researchers analyzed 63 SARS viruses from three phases of the 2002-2003 epidemic and found significant genetic adaptations, including a rapid mutation rate and unique molecular fingerprints. The study suggests that containing outbreaks quickly is crucial before the virus becomes more difficult to control.
A mathematical model developed by NASA helped researchers identify spatial-temporal waves of dengue cases emanating from Bangkok, Thailand. The study suggests that disease surveillance and control systems in urban areas may help prevent future outbreaks in surrounding regions.
The Ebola virus has unleashed several lethal epidemics in Central Africa, leading to haemorrhagic fever and high mortality rates. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with infected animals or their carcasses, resulting in a rapid decline in great ape populations.
A new method for estimating true HIV/AIDS incidence has been proposed using population surveys, which may provide more accurate results than conventional estimates. The study found that HIV-1 prevalence was around 25% higher according to conventional UNAIDS/WHO estimates than data obtained from population surveys.
A new study reveals that marine epidemics spread approximately 100 times faster than comparable terrestrial epidemics. This faster rate of spread is attributed to the lack of barriers to pathogen dispersal in marine environments and better long-term survival of mobile infectious stages.
Afghanistan's Ministry of Health has made significant strides in healthcare delivery and policy planning, achieving 94% national coverage in measles vaccination. The country's example is seen as a potential blueprint for post-conflict reconstruction in other nations.
A recent study in Beijing found that men who have sex with men (MSM) are at risk of HIV-1 infection, with 15 out of 481 participants testing positive. The study highlights the potential for MSM to serve as a bridge between high-risk and low-risk populations, increasing the transmission of HIV-1.
Researchers analyzed data from the World Health Organization and found that countries with quicker control measures had lower fatality rates and slower epidemics. The study suggests that better control measures, such as rapid hospitalization and isolation of cases, are more effective than differences in infectivity or virulence.
Researchers used data on recent SARS cases to project how the epidemic will proceed under various circumstances. They found that careful interventions, such as reducing contacts and improving treatment, can control the spread of the virus.
Researchers analyzed historical records of measles and whooping cough infections in European cities from 1883 to 1932, finding that the diseases exhibit negative correlation when one disease removes susceptible hosts. This 'ecological interference' can lead to alternating cycles of infection, affecting multiple strain dynamics.
A mathematical model developed by Don Klinkenberg suggests that partial vaccinations can effectively control the spread of swine fever. The model indicates that vaccination reduces the spread of the virus but does not completely prevent it, allowing for epidemic persistence for several months.
The region is facing a major public health crisis with an estimated 1 million individuals already infected, mostly through injecting drug use. Improved measures are urgently needed to prevent further HIV spread and protect vulnerable populations.
The Bush administration is considering implementing a pro-life policy that would restrict foreign non-governmental organizations from receiving US funds if they provide abortions or lobby for abortion liberalization. This policy threatens the $15 billion HIV/AIDS fund, which relies on local clinics providing family-planning and materna...
Researchers discovered a new mouse virus that can help study human noroviruses, which cause 90% of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. The findings suggest that innate immunity is essential for fighting off the virus and have implications for commercial facilities using immune-deficient mice.
The number of UK deaths from vCJD has been declining, with a stabilization in the rate of mortality. The disease's mortality rate is no longer increasing exponentially, but further confirmation is needed to determine if the epidemic is in permanent decline.
Researchers estimate that 90% of the population is gaining up to 50 extra calories a day, which can be addressed by taking an extra mile of walking each day. Closing the energy gap will also require a fundamental change in how people think about physical fitness.
Cardiff University academics predict a new foot and mouth disease outbreak due to inadequate funding and lax regulations. The report criticizes the government's handling of previous outbreaks, including 'horribly cruel' slaughtering practices.
A study estimates that US HIV prevention efforts saved between 204,000 to 1.585 million lives and resulted in cost savings of at least $11 billion since the onset of the epidemic, with a cost per infection prevented ranging from under $50,000 to $6,400.
Researchers found a fourfold increase in cerebral infarct deaths compared to hemorrhage between the 1930s and 1990s. This trend closely matched that of coronary heart disease, suggesting a common cause for these diseases, but differing from cerebral hemorrhage which showed a steady decline
The Lancet Seminar highlights the role of adverse environmental factors in childhood obesity and advocates for straightforward solutions. Comprehensive measures targeting energy intake and expenditure are necessary to prevent and treat obesity in children.
A UCLA study found that treating more people in developing countries with antiretroviral drug therapy can eliminate HIV on a community level, even without eradicating it in individuals. The research suggests that treatment and prevention are not two separate approaches, but rather intertwined strategies to save lives.
The African HIV-1/AIDS epidemic is reaching catastrophic levels, with significant implications for the region's healthcare infrastructure. Co-existing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), malaria, and tuberculosis further complicate the situation, highlighting the need for comprehensive interventions to mitigate these consequences.
Climate change is disrupting natural ecosystems, making life better for infectious diseases, says a team of experts. Warmer temperatures are causing disease outbreaks in coral reefs, oyster populations, and bird species, as well as increasing the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses like Rift Valley Fever.
Researchers found that higher energy consumption significantly raises the risk of heart disease and stroke across all age groups. The study also revealed that Americans of all ages are consuming more restaurant food, including fast food, than a generation ago.
Researchers investigate church records to reconstruct the virulence, spacial diffusion and temporal dynamics of the Black Death. They argue that the disease was transmitted through person-to-person contact, contrary to traditional theories linking it to bubonic plague.
Researchers discuss biological and cultural factors behind global obesity trend, citing rapid urbanization and technology as contributing causes. Childhood malnutrition and stunted growth are paradoxically linked to adult obesity in many places.
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Mozambique is taking a toll on education, leading to reduced school enrollments, graduation rates, and quality of education. The report predicts that the country's economy will be smaller than expected by 2010 due to reduced productivity growth, population growth, human capital accumulation, and physical capita...
Researchers found a strong relationship between climate event El Niño and outbreaks of Bartonellosis, an insect-borne disease highly fatal to humans. The study suggests that warming of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean is closely linked to the worst outbreaks, occurring one to three months after El Niño.
A new UCSF study reveals that the KSHV epidemic in San Francisco gay men occurred before the HIV epidemic, and was linked to oral intercourse. The study found a steady prevalence of KSHV infection among gay men from 1978 to 1995, despite a significant decline in unprotected anal intercourse.
A recent yellow fever outbreak in Guinea highlights insufficient international stocks of the 17D yellow fever vaccine, which can protect for at least 10 years. WHO recommends an emergency stockpile of 1 million doses to provide a rapid response to large outbreaks.
Measles researchers used statistical techniques to pinpoint epidemic patterns in cities, revealing a two-year cycle, with larger cities catching on faster. The disease spreads through waves at about 5 kilometers per week, primarily carried by school children.
A study in Orel, Russia, has found a significant increase in tuberculosis cases linked to growing HIV infections. The authors call for better surveillance and public health measures to prevent further spread.
A recent study by Imperial College London has provided insights into the Foot and Mouth epidemic in Great Britain, revealing that large farms with many animals are more infectious and susceptible to disease. The analysis also highlights fragmented farms as a significant risk factor for transmission.
A genetic mutation in the CCR5 gene provides protection against HIV infection, slowing the spread of AIDS in African populations. Studies suggest that this mutation may be more common in European populations due to historical epidemics.
A new model for detecting early meningitis epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa has been developed, using weekly incidence thresholds to identify outbreaks. The model uses clinic-based weekly incidence of 5-10 cases per 100,000 inhabitants to detect all meningitis epidemics with high sensitivity.
Researchers suggest emphasizing law enforcement at early stages of a new drug epidemic, then shifting funds to treatment when use flattens. The model is based on data from the U.S. cocaine epidemic and takes into account market and price dynamics, including the role of initiation, cessation, and treatment.
The American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene has warned of an emerging dengue fever crisis in South Texas. The region's high population density and abundance of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are fueling increased disease transmission, with risks including epidemic dengue hemorrhagic fever and death.
At the Institute of Human Virology (IHV) conference, scientists from Africa, Caribbean, and US/Europe discussed HIV/AIDS challenges in the developing world. They emphasized the need for more North-South partnerships to address affordable therapies and preventative vaccines.
A national committee recommends a strategy focused on better tracking of HIV infections, coupled with funding the most cost-effective prevention programs. The approach aims to significantly cut new infections, particularly in high-risk populations.
The First Annual Civil War Medical Symposium will examine the influence of the mid-1800s conflict on modern medicine. Four physicians will discuss specific medical advances resulting from the war, including improvements in nerve injury treatment and smallpox vaccination.
A new mathematical model explains changing patterns in epidemics by analyzing historical data on measles outbreaks. The research reveals that increases or decreases in birth rates or vaccination rates cause dramatic changes in epidemic patterns.