Articles tagged with Hiv Infections
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Researchers found that combination of three microbicide gels provided protection against HIV-like virus in 20 out of 20 monkeys, with all three monkeys remaining virus-free. The study's findings are encouraging for the development of a microbicide for use in women.
Researchers Phillipe Besnard and colleagues pinpoint CD36 as the sensor for lipid detection in the oral cavity. They show that lingual stimulation of CD36 influences behavioral and digestive physiology. The findings suggest a potential pathway mediating fat taste, which may contribute to obesity risk through feeding dysregulation.
Two studies have clarified the risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus, revealing a higher rate of infection in infant girls. The studies found that time in labor, internal fetal monitoring devices, and maternal history of injection drug use were associated with transmission.
The trial, conducted by French and South African researchers, found that male circumcision can significantly reduce the risk of HIV infection among heterosexual men. The study involved 3,274 young men who were either circumcised or left uncircumcised, with the circumcised group showing a 60% lower rate of new infections.
Researchers identified a human milk component that blocks HIV interaction with dendritic cells and inhibits viral transfer to CD4+ T-lymphocytes. This discovery has significant implications for developing agents to block HIV transmission.
The experimental vaccine combines synthetically modified elements of four HIV genes found in subtypes A, B and C, representing about 85% of HIV infections worldwide. The trial aims to test the safety and ability of the vaccine to generate an immune response in healthy adults.
An international team of researchers suggests that people at high risk of contracting HIV should take daily antiretroviral medication as a preventative measure. This approach, known as PrEP, has been shown promise in clinical trials and is seen as a crucial strategy to combat the ongoing pandemic.
Key findings highlight the importance of early community involvement, clear communication, and local infrastructure development in HIV pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis research. The commentary advocates for partnerships between sponsors, investigators, communities, and governments to build trust and achieve successful research outcomes.
Researchers find that HIV in the temporal lobe mutates rapidly, triggering an immune response that causes dementia. The study suggests targeting infected white blood cells could lead to new treatments for HIV-related brain damage, affecting up to 15% of infected individuals worldwide.
Researchers found that POZ parties in New York City attracted predominantly white, over-30 men with varying lengths of HIV infection. The parties' mix of unprotected sex and multiple partners raises concerns about the spread of treatment-resistant strains of HIV.
The prevalence of unprotected anal sex with casual partners increased by 10% between 1996 and 2002, with rates higher among those who were less optimistic about HIV treatment. Renewed national efforts are needed to counteract 'prevention fatigue' and promote effective HIV prevention strategies.
Studies examine prevalence of primary HIV infection, effectiveness of antidepressants in primary care, and the impact of patient-centered communication on healthcare costs. Research also explores aggressive antibiotic treatment for nursing home patients and cost-effectiveness of expanded testing for primary HIV infection.
A two-year study compared HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with community-acquired pneumonia, finding no significant differences in hospitalization length or mortality rate. Treatment of HIV improves patient health and reduces infections like bacterial pneumonia.
A study found that HIV-infected macrophages travel to the temporal lobe, causing inflammation and damaging memories. Researchers hope to develop drugs targeting these cells to prevent HIV-associated dementia.
Recorded numbers of new sexually transmitted infections have doubled in five years, with many patients waiting over two weeks for treatment. Increasing capacity is essential to break the 'vicious circle' of delayed treatment and reduce future demand.
A new study confirms that APOBEC-3G edits the HIV genetic code, preventing viral reproduction. Higher levels of A3G are associated with lower HIV viral levels and higher CD4 T cell counts in patients. This discovery holds promise for a novel approach to fight HIV.
The article highlights the need for further research on HIV and aging, citing concerns over delayed diagnoses and inadequate treatment. Older patients with HIV may experience increased mortality rates and unique side effects from HAART treatment due to age-related factors.
A new approach using valproic acid has shown promise in reducing latent HIV infection by 75% in three out of four patients. The researchers suggest that a staged treatment process, starting with standard antiretroviral regimens and then targeting latent viral infection with HDAC inhibitors, could lead to the cure of HIV.
A Penn physician argues that explicit consent is not necessary for HIV testing in critically ill patients, as it can lead to earlier application of life-saving therapies and reduce costs. Alternative methods, such as surrogate consent or court-ordered testing, may be more effective but also pose challenges.
The new partnership between NIAID and IPM aims to accelerate the development of effective microbicides, with a focus on enhancing formulation optimization, process development, and scale-up for manufacture. Large-scale effectiveness trials of five candidate microbicides are currently underway.
Random fluctuations in gene expression can influence HIV latency, suggesting that a cell's fate is determined by chance rather than predetermined mechanisms. The researchers' model suggests that targeting chemical modifications required for Tat's function could lead to new treatments.
A U of T study identified barriers to future HIV vaccine acceptance, including concerns about power dynamics, affordability, and stigma. Researchers found that women viewed vaccination as empowering and a way to protect themselves and their children.
Researchers found that intermittent IL-2 administration induces high CD4 and CD8 cell proliferation followed by prolonged CD4 cell survival. This effect helps explain the preferential increase of CD4 cells in patients treated with IL-2 therapy.
Researchers find HIV domains mediate cell membrane fusion and downregulate T-cell responses. The study also suggests a novel way to decrease undesirable immune responses, independent of HIV infection.
Scientists discover how HIV protein fragment FP shuts down immune response in T cells. Researchers found that FP locks onto proteins involved in invoking large-scale immune response, effectively shutting them down.
Researchers uncover HIV fusion peptide's dual role in mediating immunity and downregulating T cell responses. Additionally, a novel connection is made between fat cells, cholesterol metabolism, and PPAR gamma regulation.
The USPSTF has issued new recommendations for HIV screening, which will be posted on the journal's website and the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality's website. The Task Force recommends testing for all individuals at risk of HIV infection, as well as pregnant women to prevent mother-to-child transmission of AIDS.
Scientists at The Wistar Institute discovered that poor T cell responsiveness limits current approaches to therapeutic vaccines. They found that the immune system's ongoing stimulus during chronic infection prevents optimal response to vaccines, which may be improved by lowering viral load or enhancing T cell function.
Rates of HIV-1 infections are growing rapidly in Moscow, with the epidemic spreading beyond high-risk groups to heterosexual populations. The study highlights the urgent need for intervention, such as screening and health education, particularly among women and young people at risk.
A new research project aims to introduce the Wolbachia bacteria into mosquitoes that carry the deadly dengue virus, reducing its lifespan and transmission. The five-year study, led by UQ, seeks to develop a cost-effective, self-perpetuating control strategy for large regional areas.
Poorer people have been left out of past aid programs due to insufficient planning, and donors and developing countries should learn from these mistakes. Local health officials must decide who will receive therapy and live, and who will go without, despite growing demand and limited supply.
A promising new TB drug, PA-824, has entered human clinical trials, showing activity against both actively dividing and slow-growing M. tb stages. The drug may significantly reduce the time needed to cure TB, offering hope for shorter treatment regimens.
Women now account for nearly half of the 40 million people worldwide infected with HIV, a significant shift from the early days of the pandemic. The increased number of female cases is attributed to various factors, including heterosexual transmission and cultural influences.
The US needs more effective treatments for active TB and latent TB infection, with a focus on improving diagnostic tools and directly observed therapy. Effective treatment of active TB requires at least six months of multi-drug therapy, while improved diagnostics and treatments are needed for latent TB infection.
A study of 546 patients found that chest x-rays are not effective in determining when tuberculosis (TB) was acquired. The researchers discovered that the most significant independent predictor of radiographic appearance is HIV status, indicating altered immunity rather than recent infection.
Two studies found that nevirapine-associated resistance emerges in at least 65% of women after single-dose therapy, with conventional tests missing up to one-third of cases. Resistance rates vary by HIV-1 subtype, with subtype C showing higher mutation frequencies.
Researchers identified seven non-B HIV-1 subtypes among African-born patients in Minnesota, contradicting the assumption of subtype B prevalence. The study suggests that implementing HIV subtype surveillance in states with larger immigrant populations is essential for public health.
Research shows that early institution of ART therapy can delay and decrease HIV progression in perinatal HIV infection. Untreated children are more likely to progress, but very early mono/dual ART initiation by age 2 months offers improved survival rates.
New treatments for pediatric HIV infection were not always used as recommended by guidelines, with single and dual NRTI regimens being most frequent from 1987-1997. From 1998-2003, 22% of children initiated ART with unapproved regimens, and switching risk decreased with age but increased with year of initiation.
A new surgical technique called 'sharpless' surgery uses laparoscopy, electrocautery, and skin clips to reduce the risk of infection. The study found that blood-borne pathogens are associated with certain operations and that inexperienced surgeons-in-training are at greatest risk.
The Alliance for Microbicide Development and the Global Campaign for Microbicides will receive grants to support science and policy research, public education, and advocacy. The funding will help develop evidence-based policies for microbicide R&D and investments.
Researchers found that minocycline reduced brain cell damage, inflammation, and virus levels in SIV-infected monkeys, a potential breakthrough for treating HIV-related cognitive impairment. The antibiotic was able to calm down undefined biological pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases.
The new guidelines provide a framework for identifying patients at risk of kidney disease, evaluating their kidney function, and implementing management strategies. Nearly one-third of HIV-infected patients have abnormal protein in the urine, a warning sign of potential kidney trouble.
A study published in AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses found that the viral protein p12 increases activity of a gene controlling production of p300, a key regulator of cell signaling and proliferation. This could provide insights into how HTLV-1 maintains lifelong infection and impacts immune cell survival.
Researchers at UCLA have discovered a molecule on immune cells that plays a critical role in the sexual transmission of HIV. Blocking this molecule could prevent HIV from spreading infection, potentially reducing its ability to infect new individuals.
Researchers identified two strains of lactobacillus that can trap and block HIV, potentially providing a safe and cost-efficient method for preventing its spread. The technology could be used to protect infants and women in poor countries via fermented foods or feminine products.
Scientists found that a small form of APOBEC3G repels HIV, while a large form is ineffective; blocking the small form makes resting cells susceptible to infection. The discovery shifts the paradigm on how HIV infects T cells.
The study found that the risk of HIV transmission is highest during early infection, with an average rate of 8.2 per 1000 coital acts, compared to 0.7-1.5 during established infection. The rate rose again late in infection, highlighting the need for targeted prevention efforts.
Researchers found that hormonal contraceptives and bacterial infections like BV and GBS increase the risk of shedding type-2 herpes. Treatment for these infections may help reduce HSV-2 shedding frequency, controlling its transmission.
A survey of 580 ethnically diverse Northern California ninth-graders found that teens considered oral sex less risky and socially acceptable than vaginal sex. However, most participants underestimated the risk of sexually transmitted infections due to oral sex.
The study recommends routine voluntary testing to diagnose undiagnosed HIV cases, especially among high-risk groups. This approach aims to provide counseling on prevention and treatment options.
The first UK cases of Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) have been reported in gay men, mostly from London. The disease is caused by a particularly invasive strain of Chlamydia trachomatis and can lead to chronic infection with fistulas and problems with the lymphatic system.
A study analyzed data from over 7,300 people infected with HIV and found that HAART treatment can lower the risk of Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, no significant reduction in risk was observed for other types of cancer. Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer among people with HIV.
A collaborative study by UCL scientists found that HIV-1 subtype B spread through at least six separate transmission chains in the UK, contradicting the prevailing belief of a single initial entry. The study suggests changes in sexual behavior and lack of impact from antiretroviral therapy may have slowed the epidemic growth.
A recent Emory University study found that HIV infection is not an independent risk factor for severe heart disease in patients who undergo cardiac catheterization. Lifestyle and traditional cardiac risk factors, such as hypertension and high cholesterol levels, play a larger role in the development of CAD.
Researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine discovered that alpha-defensin-1, a protein found in cells, can directly inactivate HIV virus and block infection in vulnerable cells. The findings offer insight into the function of alpha-defensin-1 on both the virus and the cell, potentially leading to new avenues for prevention and therapy.
A large multicohort study of HAART-naive patients found significant reductions in AIDS incidence and opportunistic events, with greater declines for viral etiologies.
A Johns Hopkins Medicine study successfully integrated the Affinity/Avidity test with the STARHS protocol to detect new HIV cases. The dual testing method showed a significant reduction in false positive diagnoses, resulting in more accurate monitoring of new infections.
Researchers from Johns Hopkins Medicine found a second reservoir of HIV that harbors unique viral variants, suggesting lifelong treatment is necessary to prevent re-emergence. The archival virus has not mutated to become drug-resistant, according to recent findings.
A new study found that genetic amplification (NAAT) testing detects HIV more effectively than standard antibody testing in urban settings. The test identified four individuals with acute HIV infections who had previously tested negative, highlighting its potential to prevent transmission and improve early detection.