Articles tagged with Cell Responses
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
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Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers found that e-cigarette chemicals suppress key immune genes in the nasal mucosa, similar to smoking cigarettes. The study suggests that e-cigarettes may have broader effects on respiratory immune responses than initially thought.
Researchers studied 36 pregnant women to determine if T-follicular helper cell response varies by trimester after vaccination. The results show that the immune system's response is greatest during the first trimester, suggesting immunologic changes may affect vaccine effectiveness.
Researchers have filmed in vivo the process by which an AIDS vaccine candidate recruits immune cells to destroy infected cells. The study, published in Nature Medicine, shows how the vaccine induces the formation of the inflammasome, a complex assembly of proteins that triggers an immune response.
A recent study found that early childhood exposure to farm animals modifies immunological responses, particularly in dendritic cells and cytokine production. Farm exposures were associated with lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines and increased production of non-allergic Th1-associated cytokines.
Studies reveal that different types of autoimmune responses elicit distinct responses in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Antibodies targeting intracellular proteins lead to a worse prognosis and poorer response to immunotherapy compared to those against cell surface proteins.
A recent study published in Nature Immunology revealed that the body suppresses long-lived lymphoid cells to prevent excessive inflammation. Cytokine chemicals like interferon-beta, gamma and interleukin-27 can shut off these cells, allowing for a targeted immune response.
Researchers found that human brains have a subset of cells that fire in response to inputs from both eyes, similar to those in rodents. This discovery suggests that humans have the best possible visual system, with primitive pathways allowing for quick spotting of danger and complex behaviors.
A combination of lenalidomide and rituximab produced a durable response in mantle cell lymphoma patients, with an overall response rate of 92%. The treatment maintained an anti-tumor response for up to three years.
Researchers studied ant colonies subjected to simulated predator attacks, revealing differentiated responses based on location. The results show that ants respond appropriately to damage, similar to single organisms, with colony-wide responses triggered by loss of workers within the nest.
Australian researchers have found a way to boost influenza A vaccine effectiveness by adding an adjuvant, which stimulates both innate and adaptive immunity. The additive provides cross-protective capabilities, reducing the ability of the virus to infect cells and spread.
A Johns Hopkins University research team has validated a theory on the brain's mechanism of learning, finding that 'eligibility traces' effectively tag neural synapses activated by stimuli, linking actions with rewards. This discovery could enhance teaching methods and lead to treatments for cognitive problems.
A new study by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln has provided direct evidence that an algae-infecting virus can invade and replicate within some mammalian cells. The virus, known as Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus 1 (ATCV-1), successfully infiltrated macrophage cells in mice, causing changes characteristic of a viral infection.
An in vitro study found that smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells respond uniquely to mechanical stretching, with different frequencies triggering distinct adaptations. Understanding these responses could lead to cell-type specific activation of vascular cells for improved regenerative medicine strategies.
A study using ^90Y-daclizumab, an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody, achieved complete and partial responses in 50% of patients with relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma. The treatment showed minor toxicity, but six patients developed myelodysplastic syndrome, limiting its use as a standalone therapy.
Scientists identified mushroom body output neurons, which transform sensory information into clear instructions for a fly's response. Each cell had a characteristic response pattern that differed between flies, suggesting individual odor preferences develop through experiences.
A recent study by TSRI researchers has uncovered a novel pathway between the cell's powerhouses (mitochondria) and the immune system. RIPK3, an enzyme involved in cell death, relays signals between mitochondria and NKT cells, regulating both cancer and inflammatory responses.
Researchers found that activation of same brain regions can produce both reward and aversion responses, leading to cancelled effects in patients. This discovery may help develop more targeted treatments for addiction and depression.
A new T cell receptor therapy achieved a clinical response in 80% of multiple myeloma patients with advanced disease. The treatment, which targets cancer cells expressing NY-ESO-1, showed no cytokine release syndrome cases and impressive durable T cell persistence.
Research reveals that stored memories are coded as permanent changes in neuronal communication and connection strength, influencing response behavior and gene expression. The study demonstrates that spine calcium responses can undergo long-term enhancement through ryanodine receptor activation.
Researchers at UC Davis identified genes linked to electrotaxis in amoebas, which could help understand electrical signals detection. The study's findings may lead to new insights into wound healing and tissue development.
Researchers discovered that immune cells are drawn to damaged sites via hydrogen peroxide and a well-established immune signaling pathway. This knowledge could help design therapies to control immune cell behavior and prevent diseases like autoimmunity and chronic inflammation.
Researchers studied flies' response to shadows, finding that they display persistent defensive behavior, generalizable across contexts. The study suggests that flies may help understand the fundamental neurochemistry of fear and emotions.
Researchers use a novel technique involving focused light beams to study the activity of rods, the light-sensitive cells of the retina. They found that the electrical response of the nerve changes depending on the region of the cell being hit by the light.
Researchers identify 'Follicular Memory T cells' near lymph node entrances to screen for microbe re-entry. These cells help create potent antibodies in secondary antibody responses, outsmarting circulating memory cells. This discovery paves the way for more effective vaccines.
Researchers at National Jewish Health found a response in human cells consistent with vaccination response in mice, using a mutated insulin fragment. The finding suggests an immune response in humans could lead to a vaccine and treatment for diabetes.
Researchers used a rat model to map the brain's communication between nerve cells as they learned to make decisions based on specific sounds. The study found that training rats to associate low frequency tones with food strengthened synaptic connections in the striatum, leading to improved performance.
A team of researchers found that T-helper cells can retain information on the specific cytokine needed to produce in response to an infection. This memory allows them to activate and release the pre-determined quantity of cytokine when faced with a new infection.
Researchers found that receiving cells respond to pressure on their membranes by stiffening their skeletons to prevent movement away from the attacking cell. This process allows for close proximity of cell membranes, enabling fusion to occur.
Researchers have discovered a novel signaling pathway critical to the immune response of cells associated with allergic asthma. Increasing cAMP levels inhibited the cells' inflammatory response, suggesting a potential target for new therapies.
Rats use simple 'linear summation' to process odor inputs from the environment, with individual neurons responding rapidly to specific smells. This process allows for efficient detection and analysis of odors, despite environmental and respiratory variations.
The NIH has awarded over $28 million in grants to decipher gene regulation and its role in human health and disease. Researchers will study gene networks and pathways in different systems to develop new treatments for diseases like cancer, diabetes, and Parkinson's.
Researchers at Yale University have developed synthetic antibody mimics (SyAMs) that target disease cells and stimulate immune responses, offering potential for treating prostate cancer and other diseases.
Researchers found a way for cells to encode information about incoming chemical signals, given their variable states. By analyzing responses over time, they eliminated the 'noise' of cellular variability and accurately recorded signal levels.
Two new studies from Johns Hopkins shed light on how complex cells detect and respond to minute differences in chemical concentrations. Cells use their internal 'skeleton' to influence gradient detection and movement, with implications for development, immune response, wound healing, and cancer metastasis.
A mouse model study suggests that elevated VEGF and sFLT1 levels during pregnancy can lead to preeclampsia-like symptoms and pregnancy loss. The findings highlight the potential consequences of therapies targeting these proteins for treating preeclampsia.
The study reveals that blue light sets off a tug-of-war between melanopsin and S-cones to make the pupil smaller or bigger. This understanding has implications for seasonal depression and light sensitivity, and opens up new avenues for research into clinical conditions such as pain from bright light.
A phase 1 clinical trial of crizotinib against ROS1-positive lung cancer showed a 72% response rate and 19.2 months progression-free survival, suggesting potential for durable action against this subtype of lung cancer.
North Carolina State University researchers have identified candidate genes controlling the hypersensitive defense response in corn, a rapid localized cell death that limits pathogen spread. The findings could help build better defense responses in corn and other plants.
New research from Rockefeller University suggests that the speed of a signal plays a crucial role in determining an embryonic cell's fate. The study found that cells respond better to signals with pulses rather than continuous ones, and that slower increases in signal strength can lead to weaker responses.
Research finds gut hormone cells, previously thought to contain one hormone, actually secrete six hormones including ghrelin. The discovery sheds light on how weight-loss surgery can cure diabetes, with understanding these hormonal changes crucial for a potential cure.
Researchers decipher how cells translate signals from surroundings into internal signals using calcium ions. They discovered a pattern in the variation of intensity and frequency of calcium impulses to convey meaningful responses inside the cell.
Researchers analyzed blood samples from nearly 100 HIV-infected volunteers and found that B cells, which produce antibodies, are more activated, unstable, and unresponsive to HIV. In contrast, antiretroviral therapy improves B-cell response to HIV, with normal cells dominating.
A study using Sequenta's LymphoSIGHT platform reveals that patients with longer survival have lower numbers of T cell clones that decrease in frequency after treatment. This association holds for both prostate cancer and melanoma patients, suggesting that immune repertoire sequencing could predict clinical benefit of immunotherapies.
Researchers at UCLA discovered that B cells respond to threats by producing antibodies only when a high threshold is reached, reducing the risk of false alarms. This mechanism helps prevent immune deficiency and autoimmune diseases.
UAlberta researchers found that activating both AMPK and retrograde response pathways simultaneously can benefit cells with damaged mitochondria. This study provides a new concept for dealing with metabolic problems associated with mitochondrial disorders.
Researchers at UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center found that cancer cells stiffen in response to mechanical force, opening gaps for immune cells to pass through. This discovery sheds new light on cancer development and metastasis, potentially leading to new therapies.
Polymeric vaccine adjuvants in nanoparticles, matrices, or micelles can prompt strong adaptive immune responses. Researchers summarize the benefits and challenges of these polymer systems as adjuvants in vaccines.
Researchers discovered that cells respond to rhythmic biological signals by counting the number of cycles, not their strength or duration. This mechanism, found in single-celled organisms, synchronizes changes in cell fate and may explain patterns in developing embryos and snail learning.
Researchers have developed a vaccine that triggers an immune cell response within the damaged tissue itself, potentially providing a more accurate way to evaluate its effectiveness. The vaccine has shown promise in treating cervical precancers, with some patients experiencing complete regression of lesions.
Researchers have identified a specific protein involved in mediating the skin's response to UVR and found that the signal transduction cascade resembles a light-activated pathway in the eye. This new insight into the molecular pathway underlying UVR detection could lead to improved sun protection methods.
Researchers found that transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells improved autonomic nerve function in patients with spinal cord injury. The study used a simple electrophysiological detection method to assess sympathetic skin response, which showed significant recovery after treatment.
A protein called GEF-H1 is critical for macrophages' ability to respond to viral infections. Mice lacking this protein were unable to mount an effective immune defense against influenza and other viruses.
Researchers found that Itch maintains the stability of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which promotes Th2 inflammatory responses and severe airway inflammation in mice. This study highlights the importance of Itch in regulating immune responses and preventing allergic diseases.
A phase I clinical trial has shown that an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody can produce striking responses in non-small cell lung cancer patients with metastatic disease who have failed to respond to previous chemotherapy. Smokers and former smokers are more likely to benefit from this treatment.
Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center discovered that brown fat cells are generated through new cell formation rather than converting white fat cells. This finding could lead to therapeutic strategies to activate precursor cells to produce more brown fat cells for weight management and related diseases.
Monash University researchers discovered a safety mechanism that regulates the activation of marginal zone B cells, which can turn against the body. The study found that MZ B cells have a short life span and are triggered by bacteria to express a protein called TACI.
A recent clinical trial found that patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes treated with teplizumab exhibit greater preservation of C-peptide, a biomarker of islet cell function. Further analysis identified a discrete subset of treatment responders who demonstrated especially robust responses.
Scientists at Salk Institute find that enveloped viruses use phosphatidylserine to activate TAM receptors, disabling the interferon response and allowing infection. This discovery may lead to novel antiviral therapies that target this mechanism.
A clinical trial found that tumor cell vaccination increased complete remission rates and induced leukemia-specific T-cells in patients with advanced Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). The study suggests that this approach may enhance anti-tumor responses following allo-HSCT.
Researchers created a simple system using just a laptop and camera to measure pupil size for communication. They found that healthy people's pupils increased in size when solving math problems, which was translated into accurate answers to yes/no questions.