Articles tagged with Cell Responses
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham found that cigarette smoke inhibits the enzyme Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase (LTA4H), preventing it from shutting down proline-glycine-proline (PGP). This leads to chronic inflammation and a never-ending cycle of neutrophil recruitment. The study identifies PGP as a biomarker for lung d...
Researchers at Duke University Medical Center discovered that the cytokine interleukin-17 plays a significant role in disc disease and may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches. Targeting this immune response could reduce painful inflammation and halt the evolution of arthritis.
A team of bioengineers from the University of Pennsylvania Institute for Medicine and Engineering developed a simulator to predict how blood platelets respond to various conditions during a heart attack or stroke. The model accurately predicted intracellular calcium signaling responses, even distinguishing between different donors.
Researchers have unlocked how potassium channels control electric currents in the body, a crucial process in cell communication and heart function. The study reveals that molecular gates switch conduction on and off in response to physiological signals, clarifying a long-standing mystery.
Peroxisomes, organelles inside cells, can detect virus invasion signals and launch a limited antiviral offensive. Mitochondria follow up with a more definitive counterattack, indicating a potential new approach to rare conditions like peroxisome biogenesis disorders.
Researchers at U-M have solved a long-standing mystery about how insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) work on muscle cells. IGFs promote either muscle cell differentiation or division, depending on oxygen availability.
A study by Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center suggests that mitochondria released into the bloodstream following physical injury elicit a sepsis-like immune response. This finding could lead to new strategies for managing trauma and developing tests to differentiate between infective and non-infective inflammation.
Researchers have found 27 scent receptors in malaria-transmitting mosquitoes that detect compounds in human sweat. This discovery may lead to the development of new ways to combat malaria by repelling or confusing the mosquitoes. The study's findings could also inform the creation of more effective traps and repellents.
Researchers have found that CD20 protein is essential for generating optimal B cell immune responses, particularly to T-independent antigens. The discovery was made by analyzing a patient with a mutation in the CD20 gene, who had impaired B cell responses and recurrent infections.
Researchers found that endocannabinoids selectively enhance sweet taste by acting on tongue taste cells, which may help regulate feeding behavior. The study's findings also suggest potential therapeutic applications for metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes.
Researchers discover CD20's nonredundant role in generating optimal B cell immune responses. Gene therapy approach targets alpha-1 antitrypsin to alleviate emphysema symptoms. Inhibiting fatty acid oxidation sensitizes leukemic cells to death-inducing compounds.
Researchers found that omacetaxine achieved durable responses in CML patients with the T315I mutation, who have limited treatment options. The injectable drug works by a different mechanism than current therapies and has shown promise for expanded use.
Research at Yale University reveals that an overactive immune response, rather than declining immunity, is to blame for increased susceptibility to viral infections among the elderly. In a study involving infected mice, inhibiting interleuken 17 prevented liver damage and death in aged cohorts.
Research suggests that NSAIDs can prevent the early appearance of neuronal cell cycle events in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. However, treatment with NSAIDs does not reverse existing neuronal CCEs. Additionally, interstitial macrophages may play a role in preventing asthma by inhibiting LPS-induced immune responses.
A study published in JCI Journals reveals that PKC-theta protein is required for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) but not for GVL responses or protection against infectious agents. This finding provides a potential new approach to prevent GVHD while preserving beneficial immune responses.
Bladder urothelial cells sense fullness of urine through TRPV4 protein activation, which triggers Ca2+ influx and ATP release. The discovery may lead to treatment of bladder disorders such as overactive bladder and pollakiuria.
Researchers studied microglial cells in mouse retina to understand their response to neurodegenerative processes. Their work may aid in the development of therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
Researchers found that anakinra treatment restored the deficient IL-18 response of natural killer cells and improved clinical parameters in patients with systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA). The study suggests a potential new treatment strategy for children with newly-diagnosed SoJIA.
A new study by Washington University in St. Louis found that cell phone ringtones can be distracting in classrooms, impairing recall and learning. Students who experienced ringing phones performed 25% worse on course content tests, even after the ringtone had stopped.
Researchers at the University of Washington have discovered a cell survival pathway that protects against degenerative diseases and promotes longevity. The study found that nematode worms live longer when their genetic make-up permits them to turn on this pathway under normal oxygen conditions.
The study suggests that neural pathways governing sensory and motor associations accomplish task switching through learning and communication of distinct populations of MT neurons into a downstream decision system. This finding is important for understanding both normal cognition and psychiatric disorders.
Researchers discover that beta-arrestin1 mediates the flushing response but not the antilipolytic effect of nicotinic acid in mice. A drug design approach is proposed to retain therapeutic benefits without causing skin flushing.
Researchers found that dopamine causes certain brain cells to become more flexible and changes brain-cell circuitry to process important information differently than mundane information. This can help improve learning, particularly in remembering salient events.
Researchers at the University of Rochester have developed a novel optical technique called IRAM that enables rapid analysis of single human immune cells using only light. This technique allows for clear differences between two types of immune cells to be seen, providing new insights into cell activation and development.
Researchers found that nanoparticle size doesn't affect biological responses for most genes, as measured by total surface area. The study suggests a better understanding of nanoscale effects on cells and tissues.
Researchers identified a key role for dendritic cells in responding to Leishmania parasites, which cause illness in developing nations and have been detected in US soldiers. The study provides insights into the early stages of the immune response and has implications for vaccine development.
In a developmental program, Dictyostelium cells acquire polarized morphology and aggregate to form a migrating stream. The team discovered that ACA-containing vesicles cluster at the rear of cells, creating a 'breadcrumb trail' that guides fellow cells to join the parade.
Researchers have created a new strategy for controlling autoimmune responses in rheumatoid arthritis by genetically engineering Foxp3 regulatory cells. These cells can be activated to suppress the immune response, potentially reversing or inhibiting the disease process.
Researchers at Imperial College London have discovered a bacteria cell's 'stressosome', a large molecule that responds to external stress and danger. The stressosomes trigger a cascade of signals within the cell, producing over 150 proteins that enable the cell to adapt and survive.
Researchers found that cells tune gene expression using discrete bursts of activation, proportional to the frequency of nuclear localization pulses. This 'bang bang' regulation controls gene expression, with genes affected in proportion to the number or frequency of these jumps.
Researchers at Florida State University have discovered an autoimmune-like response in the blood of malaria-infected African children that helps explain why existing DNA-based anti-malaria vaccines have repeatedly failed to protect them. The study sheds light on the unique medical needs of malaria's smallest, most vulnerable victims an...
A single protein is essential to both innate immune response and hypoxic response, revealing a critical regulator of the hypoxic response. The study provides clues toward new treatment strategies to boost immune function in infected tissues.
A study by Genhong Cheng and colleagues has identified the mechanism by which IFN-beta reduces disease in multiple sclerosis. Administration of IL-27 alleviates symptoms in mice with MS, suggesting a key role for this molecule in the treatment's benefits.
By analyzing yeast cells' responses to periodic salt bursts, MIT researchers developed a simple model that captures the dynamics of a critical cellular pathway. This approach provides an alternative way to study intricate biological systems without requiring extensive computational simulations.
Researchers identified two blind individuals with intact non-visual responses to light, highlighting the functional distinctness between visual and non-visual pathways. The study found that short-wavelength blue light induced significant effects on circadian rhythms, melatonin secretion, and alertness in both patients.
Researchers at MIT have developed a system that uses beams of light to sort cells, allowing for precise separation based on specific cell characteristics. This technology could enable genetic screening, clinical testing, and cloning research with increased efficiency and reduced costs.
A study published in Journal of Consumer Research found that people who watch movies together synchronize their emotional responses, leading to a shared experience. This social influence affects participants' evaluations, making them like the movie more when they're in sync with others.
Researchers propose a broader approach to uncovering the causes and consequences of obesity, highlighting similarities in cell responses to excess nutrients. This understanding might reveal why overeating leads to various diseases and explain animal longevity on calorie-restricted diets.
A new study finds that sleep deprivation leads to overactive emotional centers in the brain, causing irrational behavior. The prefrontal lobe is shutdown, making it difficult for people to regulate their emotions.
Researchers at University of Pennsylvania devise nanoscale system to observe how individual cells react to external forces. The study shows that cells respond to outside forces and demonstrate a remote response from the cell’s internal forces., The findings prove useful for understanding tissue growth, function, and disease.
Researchers have identified gene expression signatures that can predict how individuals will respond to certain breast cancer drugs. These biomarkers could aid in tailoring treatments for women and identifying similar biomarkers for other types of cancer. A 'systems' approach suggests prioritizing experimental medicines for specific ca...
Researchers discovered how cells fine-tune oxygen use to make do with limited availability. They found that under stress, cells replace one protein with an energy-efficient substitute to maintain power production.
Researchers used a microfluidic chip to study the mating habits of yeast cells, revealing that a second MAPK plays a crucial role in the process. The findings shed new light on how cells send and receive signals from one another and from their environment.
Researchers at UCLA suggest that the brain uses physical changes to cells to monitor time, rather than a clock-like mechanism. The team's computer model showed that the brain-cell network can encode time through the context of preceding events, which was tested in a study with research volunteers.
The journal reviews new techniques and tools for chemical biologists to study biomolecules in action, including advances in fluorescence that allow precise observation of cells. Researchers can use these tools to probe the internal workings of cells and develop new therapies.
A team of researchers investigated the molecular basis of memory in living mice, identifying a critical molecule involved in learning. The study revealed that long-term potentiation (LTP) and learning share a common molecular basis, with the TrkB receptor playing a central role.
A new study published in The Journal of Infectious Diseases found that more people were at risk of anthrax infection after the 2001 attack on Sen. Tom Daschle's office than previously known. Prompt intervention with antibiotics and vaccination appeared to be highly effective against the disease, with no deaths resulting from the act.
A genetic mutation in a single amino acid change in the beta1-adrenergic receptor affects its response to certain beta blockers. The Arg389 variant of the receptor is more sensitive to carvedilol, leading to reduced cAMP signaling and potentially poorer treatment outcomes for black patients.
A study published by the American Thoracic Society found that human rhinovirus, a leading cause of common colds, can lead to progressive respiratory failure and death in immunosuppressed lung transplant patients. The virus was found to infect both upper and lower airways, contradicting previous assumptions.
A five-year study has shown that Gleevec's potency against chronic myeloid leukemia, with only 5% of patients dying from the disease during the study period. The drug produced few significant side effects, particularly after the initial two years of treatment.
A study in mice with type 1 diabetes shows that an initial immune response to proinsulin triggers the attack on other proteins, leading to disease development. The findings suggest a potential therapeutic target for preventing this spreading response.
University of Oregon researchers identified protein interactions that regulate cell response to steroid hormones, targeting heat shock proteins for drug design. The discovery could lead to more effective treatments with reduced side effects.
Researchers at MIT's Picower Institute for Learning and Memory have developed a state-of-the-art imaging system that allows them to directly visualize molecular activity within individual neurons in the brain of live animals. This breakthrough enables the observation of changes in neuronal activity in response to environmental stimuli,...
Researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine found that mast cells in the immune system can break down and neutralize certain types of snake venom, enhancing resistance to its toxicity. This counterintuitive discovery challenges the long-held assumption that the immune system exacerbates snakebite symptoms.
Researchers at Cornell University have discovered how bacteria sense their environments through a cooperative lattice of receptors on the surface of bacterial cells. This sensitivity allows bacteria to detect even slight changes in nutrient concentration, enabling them to respond to stimuli such as pollutants or explosives.
Scientists found that certain artificial sweeteners like sodium saccharin and acesulfame-K paradoxically inhibit sweetness at high concentrations. When rinsed with water, the sweetness returns, revealing potential applications in medicine and food industry.
The study found that the three-dimensional structure of SOCS3 enables the design of selective inhibitors, which may extend the activity of G-CSF in restoring white blood cells. Additionally, an engineered version of SOCS3 with improved stability and repressive functions shows potential for treating inflammatory diseases.
A team of University of Michigan researchers used fMRI to capture the brain's instant response to costly mistakes. They found that the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) becomes more active when errors carry consequences, suggesting a key role in emotional responses and decision-making processes.
Researchers at Cornell University have developed nano-keys that interact with receptors on cell membranes, triggering larger-scale responses within cells. By understanding the role of cell membranes in activating responses, scientists may develop new drug therapies for allergies, high cholesterol, and viral infections.
Researchers have successfully treated Down syndrome in mice by restoring nerve growth in the cerebellum, a key brain region affected by the condition. The treatment, which stimulates the Hedgehog pathway, restored normal cell division rates and numbers in granule cell precursors.