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Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Massachusetts General Hospital researchers isolated egg-producing stem cells from adult human ovaries, demonstrating that these cells can produce normal egg cells. The findings support the idea that female mammals continue producing eggs into adulthood.
A new technique developed by Cardiff University scientists may help predict which IVF embryos are most likely to result in a successful pregnancy. By analyzing the internal movements of eggs, they hope to improve IVF success rates and reduce the number of multiple births.
A team of NYU biologists uncovered a previously unknown role for female reproductive tract cells in fruit flies, which affects sperm movement and fertility. The discovery may provide insights into manipulating reproductive behavior in other insects.
Exposure to Bisphenol A in in vitro oocyte cultures reveals altered development and increased risk of chromosome abnormalities like Down Syndrome. This multigenerational effect suggests BPA's potential impact on fertility and offspring health.
Researchers have identified the key sugar molecule SLeX on the outer coat of human eggs that enables them to capture sperm. This discovery has significant implications for understanding fertility and developing new treatments for infertility and sub-fertility.
Researchers at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute have discovered that older females are rarely able to reproduce due to abnormal cell growth, infections, and cysts in their uterine tracks. The study's findings offer hope for introducing new genes into the cheetah population through embryo transfer.
Researchers studied interactions between individual sperm and eggs in red abalone, making precise chemical measurements and physical models of these interactions. They found that the egg releases a plume of tryptophan to attract sperm, greatly increasing its target area. Ocean flow conditions also play a significant role in fertilization.
Researchers at the University of Minnesota have made a key discovery showing that male sex must be maintained throughout life. The study found that removing the Dmrt1 gene causes male cells in mouse testis to become female cells, highlighting the importance of active maintenance of the original sex determination decision.
Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital found that caloric restriction prevented age-related abnormalities in egg cells of female mice. The study suggests that dietary restrictions may improve egg quality and prevent fertility issues. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind this effect.
Researchers have discovered that cells surrounding the egg can provide information about its genetic and chromosomal status. The study found 14 genes with highly significant differences in activity when their corresponding egg was abnormal, suggesting a potential non-invasive test for identifying faulty eggs.
Researchers found that humans receive approximately 60 new mutations from their parents, with varying rates coming from the mother and father. The study provides a direct measure of new mutations and reveals surprising differences in mutation rates between families.
WSU researchers have confirmed a critical step in cell division that results in age-related miscarriages and birth defects, including Down syndrome. Egg cells failing to properly arrange chromosomes can lead to aneuploidy, or an abnormal number of chromosomes.
Researchers have successfully cloned plants as seeds, paving the way for hybrid crop plants that can breed true. The breakthrough uses a process called apomixis, where eggs and sperm are haploid, allowing diploid eggs to be produced without sexual recombination.
A new study published in Fertility and Sterility reveals that the health of a woman's uterus is more relevant than egg quality for a successful pregnancy outcome. The research found that babies born from frozen embryo transfer cycles had markedly greater birth weights compared to those born through standard IVF.
The ESHRE Task Force recommends evaluating IMAR requests based on four ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. The group acknowledges benefits of IMAR but emphasizes potential psychosocial risks and importance of informed consent.
Scientists at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital have made a groundbreaking discovery that could revolutionize the field of fertility treatments. They found a way to analyze the genetic material in discarded polar bodies from human egg cells, which may reveal insights into their ability to develop healthy embryos.
The study reveals new insights into how the egg interacts with sperm at fertilization, providing potential clues to infertility and potentially leading to non-hormonal contraceptives. The research was conducted by Luca Jovine's team at Karolinska Institutet and has important implications for human reproductive medicine.
A team led by Judith Yanowitz has discovered a protein that plays a key role in choosing where genetic material gets swapped between maternal and paternal chromosomes during egg and sperm formation. This discovery sheds light on the roots of chromosomal errors and gene diversity, with potential implications for understanding infertility.
Brown University researchers have created an artificial human ovary, enabling them to mature human eggs in a lab setting. The innovation could lead to fertility research and infertility treatments for cancer patients.
A study of egg cell division has revealed an 'inside out' mechanism for chromosome separation, which could help explain reproductive problems like Down syndrome and infertility. The researchers used time-lapse microscopy to observe egg cell meiosis with high precision, discovering that chromosomes move apart by being pushed in the middle.
A new study reveals that male sex hormones play a crucial role in regulating female fertility by controlling follicle growth and development. The research suggests that irregular levels of these hormones can lead to infertility, especially in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Researchers have found a proton channel in sperm cells that allows them to rid themselves of excess protons when resting, enabling their movement in the female reproductive tract. This finding may lead to new ways of controlling male fertility and potentially even male contraception.
A new study published in the Journal of Heredity confirms that shark pups born to virgin mothers can survive for over five years. Genetic analysis by researchers at Stony Brook University and Queen's University found that some female sharks can produce viable offspring without male sperm, a phenomenon known as parthenogenesis.
Researchers found that mouse sperm from promiscuous species can discriminate between closely related and unrelated sperm, clustering together to swim faster. This cooperative behavior is driven by competition among males and may be widespread among 95% of mammals.
Researchers at EMBL uncover gene Foxl2 that maintains female traits in adult mice, reversing default pathway. The study has implications for reproductive medicine and may help treat sex differentiation disorders.
A Tel Aviv University study suggests that men's bodies have become 'reproductive antagonists', producing aggressive sperm to compete with women's bodies, which defend against them. This evolutionary arms race may be contributing to high rates of unexplained infertility.
Researchers at Michigan State University have improved zebrafish cloning methods, allowing for higher success rates and paving the way for further human health research. The new technique increases cloned fish numbers from adult fin cells or embryonic tail clips by 2-13% compared to previous methods.
Researchers developed a technique to prevent inherited mitochondrial disorders by transferring hereditary material from one egg to another. The method resulted in four healthy newborns and holds the potential for couples to have biologically their own child without defects associated with maternal mitochondria.
Scientists at IRB Barcelona have identified the mechanism that protects somatic cells against germ cell behavior, allowing for proper separation of future ovules and sperm during embryonic development. This finding has implications for understanding diseases caused by failed repression mechanisms.
Scientists at the University of Tennessee have found that a single mutation in the Bub1 gene can lead to an increased risk of pregnancy loss and disorders such as Down Syndrome. The study suggests that the mutation affects fertility and increases with maternal age, highlighting a potential genetic link to these conditions.
Researchers have made significant breakthroughs in preserving fertility among cancer patients, including the development of lab-grown eggs and a new understanding of cellular mechanisms that can help restore fertility. These advancements offer hope for young cancer patients who are struggling to preserve their reproductive options.
Researchers have developed a method to advance undeveloped human eggs to near maturity in laboratory cultures, paving the way for women with cancer to preserve their fertility after treatment. The technique focuses on the follicle and avoids concerns related to freezing ovarian tissue.
A team of bioethicists is urging the public to engage in open discussions about the research and reproductive use of stem cell-derived gametes. The authors recommend guidelines for the development of these cells, including specific consent requirements and oversight rules.
New research challenges standard assumptions about the timing of mobile DNA insertions in humans. Jumping gene insertions are found to occur during embryogenesis after fertilization, rather than in eggs and sperm cells. This discovery has implications for understanding genetic diseases, cancer, and the development of new genes.
A team of scientists at UC Davis discovered that the plant hormone auxin is responsible for egg production in plants, providing new insights into evolutionary pathways and potential techniques to enhance crop reproduction. The study found that auxin concentrations determine the fate of nuclei within the reproductive structure.
A new article published in Elsevier's journal Bioscience Hypotheses proposes that the chemicals generated by our brain during different moods can impact 'germ cells,' altering gene expression and affecting child development. This could have a lasting impact on a child's emotional state, including their happiness.
A new study reveals that mother birds provide an early advantage to extra-pair offspring, giving them a size and survival advantage over their half-siblings. This non-genetic effect is attributed to the laying order of eggs, with extra-pair chicks hatching earlier than within-pair chicks.
Research at University of Gothenburg reveals that egg cells can rejuvenate sperm by extending telomeres, reducing the risk of chromosomal abnormalities. This breakthrough has significant implications for future stem cell therapy, which aims to replace diseased or dying cells.
A new study by Stanford researchers has developed a method to assess the quality of women's eggs, which could enhance IVF success rates. The non-invasive test uses metabolomic profiling to identify unique biomarkers in the eggs that predict embryo viability and pregnancy rates.
Researchers followed over 6,000 IVF patients through six cycles, finding live birth rates range from 65-86% for younger women and 23-42% for those aged 40+, with most births being singletons.
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have determined the first 3D structure of ZP3, a protein essential for fertilization in mammals. The findings provide insights into the molecular architecture of animal egg coats and may lead to the development of novel contraceptives.
Scientists have discovered condensin II, a protein that separates chromosomes by twisting them into supercoils, enabling proper chromosome alignment and gene expression. This breakthrough could lead to better understanding of genetic disorders like Down syndrome and improved DNA sequencing analysis.
A new class of compounds, phosphaplatins, can effectively kill various types of cancer cells, including ovarian, testicular and head and neck cancer cells, with potentially fewer side effects than conventional drugs like cisplatin and carboplatin.
Scientists have identified a key molecular defect underlying sterility in some men with repeated failed ICSI procedures. The absence of the PLC zeta-1 protein in sperm prevents them from inducing egg activation and initiating embryo development.
A researcher is collecting coral spawn to study how corals respond to global warming. She hopes to acquire information about the impact of water temperature changes on corals and will use this knowledge to identify gene variants that provide resistance to abnormal water conditions.
Scientists at Harvard University have successfully created human stem cells from the skin cells of elderly ALS patients, paving the way for potential treatments. The breakthrough uses induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to differentiate into motor neurons, which can be studied in a lab dish to understand the disease process.
A study of 39 surrogacy families, 43 donor insemination families, and 46 egg donation families found that relationships within these families appear to be well-functioning, with similarities in psychological wellbeing and parent-child relationships compared to naturally conceived families. However, teachers reported slightly higher lev...
In polyandrous female Australian painted dragon lizards, sperm from different males compete to fertilize eggs. Females prefer mating with mixed-color pairs of males, suggesting a strategy to ensure genetic diversity. This unique behavior may contribute to the persistence of both male types in the population.
Researchers at Yale University have discovered a new drug compound, NV-128, that can induce the death of ovarian cancer cells resistant to chemotherapy. The compound works by halting the activation of the mTOR protein pathway, which is associated with tumor growth and resistance to conventional therapies.
A research team at Université Laval has identified genetic markers that allow the selection of eggs with the best chance of leading to successful pregnancy after in vitro fertilization (IVF). This method increases the success rate of single embryo transfer and diminishes the risk of multiple pregnancies.
Field mice have sacrificed immunity protection to develop faster fertilization, resulting in instability of the sperm's acrosome. This process may provide insight into human infertility, as humans lack this rapid reaction.
A study published in PLoS Genetics identified five seminal proteins necessary to elevate offspring production in mated females. These proteins modulate egg production, sperm storage and release, as well as female post-mating behavior and physiology.
Researchers have identified two proteins controlling the pause in meiotic division, with Matrimony preventing Polo kinase from working until sufficient levels are reached. This work may lead to new treatments for infertility and cancer, as Polo kinase is strongly expressed in tumor cells.
Common uterine infections can damage ovaries and affect fertility in cows, similar to the impact on humans with sexually transmitted infections like Chlamydia. Researchers found that bacteria can leave toxins in egg-containing follicles, suppressing oestrogen production and preventing ovulation.
A team of scientists from EMBL has uncovered the assembly mechanism of a bipolar spindle in oocytes, allowing them to accurately separate chromosomes. This process is crucial for proper egg development and fertilization.
Researchers at Weill Medical College have successfully cloned a mouse genome, paving the way for potential treatment of low sperm count in infertile men. The technique involves replicating the male genome, which could increase chances of conception and reduce embryo wastage.
Researchers have successfully observed cell migration in real-time using a specialized liquid culture medium, shedding light on the nuances of organized cell movement. This breakthrough could lead to strategies for regulating both normal growth and cancer progression.
Researchers are conducting phase I trials comparing slow-freezing techniques to a rapid method of cryopreservation that transforms tissues into glass-like structures. The goal is to make human eggs, ovarian tissue, blood vessels, and whole organs available when needed.
Researchers identified a new protein involved in egg activation and its role in fertilization. A chemical has been found effective against anthrax by blocking spore germination. A new protein also controls the growth of the hepatitis C virus, which could lead to new drug development.
Researchers have identified a vital protein, PAWP, essential to human reproduction and fertilization. The study suggests that regulating this protein may increase the chances of pregnancy by enhancing fertility.