Articles tagged with Evolution
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A new study revises the origin story of freshwater fish, suggesting that oceanic fish invaded fresh water multiple times to develop improved hearing systems. The discovery was made using a newly discovered fossil fish with a Weberian apparatus, which allows it to hear sounds at high frequencies.
Scientists have uncovered a 167 million-year-old fossil lizard with snake-like features, challenging earlier assumptions about the evolution of snakes. The newly discovered species, Breugnathair elgolensis, has a mix of primitive and specialized traits that shed light on the origins of snakes and lizards.
New research reveals fungi's deep timeline, dating back 1.4-0.9 billion years, which influenced ancient terrestrial ecosystems and shaped the evolution of life on land. The study uses rare genetic 'gene-swap' clues to overcome the fungal fossil record gap.
Icefish reorganized their skulls in ways that unlocked new feeding strategies and ecological opportunities. The team found that during times of climate instability, correlations among bones broke down, freeing key elements to evolve more rapidly.
David Stern, a Senior Group Leader at Janelia Research Campus, joins Stowers Institute to uncover new avenues of biology with enormous implications. His lab discovered 'bicycle proteins' that trick plants into growing protective homes for aphids, shedding light on the battle between plants and insects.
Researchers have identified chemical fossils in ancient rocks that suggest the ancestors of modern-day demosponges were among the first animals to evolve. The discovery, made by a team of MIT geochemists, builds on previous findings and provides strong evidence for the early origins of life on Earth.
Researchers at Stowers Institute for Medical Research have identified the precise location where human chromosomes break and recombine to form Robertsonian chromosomes. The study reveals that repetitive DNA sequences play a central role in genome organization and evolution, explaining how these rearrangements form and remain stable.
Researchers derive a scaling law to predict mutant emergence in growing cell populations, considering factors like population size and dimensionality. The law also accounts for intermediate mutants with varying fitness, providing insights into evolutionary biology and biomedicine.
Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin have discovered a unique hybrid bird that combines characteristics of green and blue jays, sparking insights into the impact of climate change on biodiversity. The finding sheds light on how changes in weather patterns can lead to unexpected species interactions.
The book, 'Understanding the Tree of Life,' offers a fresh perspective on evolution as a continuous, branching process where all organisms are interconnected cousins. It challenges outdated views that place humans at the pinnacle of evolution or label certain species as primitive, emphasizing shared traits alongside unique adaptations.
Scientists have discovered how to potentially control harmful insect populations by studying a 'selfish gene' that manipulates inheritance. By understanding the molecular basis of this genetic mechanism, researchers believe they can identify novel methods to control certain insects that are globally significant pests and disease carriers.
Research from the University of Copenhagen shows that exercising in nature improves mood, reduces stress levels, and boosts heart rate. Participants who exercised outdoors reported greater joy, satisfaction, and optimism than those who exercised in urban or indoor environments.
A new study by Anneke van Heteren found that early bears like the Auvergne bear were likely typical omnivores, not insect-eaters as previously thought. The research used 3D jaw analyses and geometric morphometrics to compare jaw biomechanics with different diets.
A team of researchers found that a regulatory region of the genome, which controls the development of digits in mice and fish, was co-opted by evolution to guide digit formation. This discovery reveals a major evolutionary strategy of reusing existing genetic mechanisms.
Researchers at Stanford University tracked the evolution of fruit fly populations in response to pesticide exposure, finding that resistance alleles persist through a mechanism known as 'dominance reversal.' This process allows alleles to function as either dominant or recessive depending on environmental conditions, maintaining geneti...
Researchers argue that culture is driving human evolution, solving problems more rapidly than genetic evolution. Cultural practices adapt faster, allowing groups to adapt to new environments and solve novel problems.
A new study from the University of Amsterdam updates Hamilton's rule, showing that altruism can be selected in various situations depending on relationship and trait influences. This breakthrough provides a clearer picture of cooperation in evolution, opening doors to more precise research.
A new study suggests that the high prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in humans is linked to the rapid evolution of specific brain cell types and genes. The research found that human brains contain a unique array of neuronal cell types that evolved rapidly compared to other primates.
A team of scientists has estimated that an average cell line acquires and retains roughly 13 percent of its genes every million years through lateral gene transfer. This process enables microbes to adapt to new environments and access essential nutrients. The study provides the first quantitative analysis of gene transfer rates across ...
Male ghost sharks have a unique forehead appendage with retractable teeth, which are likely used to grasp females during mating. Genetic and fossil evidence confirms the teeth's origin from oral teeth, demonstrating an extraordinary example of tooth development and evolution.
A study found that most rodents have thumbnails instead of claws, which helps explain how they thrived in various environments. This discovery suggests that thumbnails provide more manual dexterity than long, sharp claws, enabling rodents to exploit high-energy resources like nuts.
Research reveals that day-flying moths have larger hearing organs than their night-flying counterparts despite facing less threat from echolocating bats. This counterintuitive finding suggests a possible new function for tympanal organs in detecting lower-frequency sounds produced by birds or reptiles.
A tiny fossil of a sea creature from over half a billion years ago sheds light on the evolution of arthropods, revealing a brain similar to that of living crustaceans. The discovery suggests that the split between the two largest groups of arthropods was more nuanced and complicated than previously thought.
Genomic analysis reveals amblyopsid species lost vision between 2.25 and 11.3 million years ago, allowing researchers to estimate minimum age of caves. The study provides a unique method for dating underground ecosystems and may hold implications for human eye diseases.
Researchers develop a Pt–N-Mo bonding heterostructure that boosts water-splitting kinetics, resists degradation for >500 hours and reduces hydrogen production costs to US$2.02 kg⁻¹. The catalyst delivers high energy efficiency and a techno-economic win, paving the way for gigawatt-scale deployment.
A new AI framework reveals the evolution of characterization methods in nanoscience by analyzing 176,000 publications. The framework identifies key breakthroughs, predicts future trends, and offers a plug-and-play solution for various scientific fields. It also uncovers hidden knowledge and provides explainable milestones.
The majority of extant species belong to a limited number of rapid radiations, forming groups with many species that evolved in a relatively short period. These rapid radiations are thought to occur when new ecological niches open up, such as the emergence of multicellularity and powered flight.
Researchers found that brown anole lizards can withstand extreme lead levels without impairment. Transcriptomic analyses revealed minor effects on brain and liver tissue, with altered genes linked to metal ion regulation.
A new study sheds light on how river birds adapt their communication depending on social and environmental cues. White-throated dippers use visual signals, such as blinking bright white eyelids, to convey messages when noise levels are high.
A new, extinct shelduck species discovered on the Rēkohu Chatham Islands evolved shorter wings and longer leg bones due to its environment. The study found that flying was not energetically efficient in this context, leading to the adoption of more robust leg bones for support.
Researchers found that symbionts of reed beetles regulate gene expression according to the beetle's life stage, diet, and environmental conditions. The study shows that these bacteria can maintain a regulated metabolism with a minimal set of genes, suggesting a flexible and adaptable approach to support their hosts.
UNLV anthropologist Brian Villmoare and an international team discovered new fossils in Ethiopia that indicate Australopithecus and Homo species coexisted between 2.6 and 2.8 million years ago. The findings suggest a more complex tree-like pattern of human evolution, challenging the traditional linear model.
PhyNetPy aims to create a unified framework for phylogenetic networks, enabling widespread use of complex models of evolutionary history. The project seeks to bridge the gap between phylogenetics and population genetics communities.
A new study by Max Planck Institute scientists reveals female mountain gorillas can win one in four conflicts and outrank non-alpha males. They also enjoy priority access to food resources over males they overpower, blurring the traditional male-dominated narrative.
A recent study found that human gut evolution is closely tied to the recent surge in gastrointestinal disorders globally. The research team created human and chimpanzee intestinal organoids using stem cells, identifying key genetic differences that may have primed the human intestine for better nutrient absorption.
Researchers studied pollinator-bee interactions in the Amazonvine, finding that temporal overlap affects plant fitness and flower size. Within-season mismatches between plants and pollinators can drive change in plant traits and influence evolutionary outcomes.
Female gorillas avoid groups with males they grew up with and instead seek out familiar females, highlighting the importance of social relationships in dispersal decisions. The study reveals that investing in these relationships can be crucial for cooperation within groups.
Scientists reconstructed the brain, heart, and fins of a 400-million-year-old fish called Norselaspis glacialis. The study found that its acute senses and powerful heart evolved well before jaws and teeth, suggesting a fast-swimming lifestyle was key to evading predators.
A study of Olenoides serratus trilobite limbs reveals a simpler, functional design than horseshoe crabs, with specialized appendages for walking, burrowing, and mating. The research provides new insights into the behavior and movement of ancient arthropods, offering a rare window into life over half a billion years ago.
A study by 16 researchers, including those from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, found that genetic differences alone cannot explain how 19 species of hamlet fish diverged. Instead, they identified a single gene involved in color patterns and mate choice, but it did not allow them to reconstruct a family tree for the group.
Researchers found that a single amino acid substitution in the ADSL enzyme affects its stability and expression, contributing to modern human differences in behavior. The study suggests that this change may have provided an evolutionary advantage in certain tasks.
Researchers discovered hibernator-specific DNA regions near the FTO locus that regulate metabolism, allowing hibernators to pack on fat reserves before hibernation. These findings could lead to treatments for human metabolic disorders by tuning up or down gene activity like an orchestra conductor fine-tunes music volume.
Early primates transitioned to grass-based diets without typical adaptations, with changes in dental morphology lagging behavioral shifts by 700,000 years. This supports the concept of behavioral drive in primate evolution, suggesting that behavior can precede and initiate morphological specialization.
A new study found that early humans consumed carbohydrate-rich foods like grains and underground plant tissues before they had the ideal teeth to chew them efficiently. This suggests that behavior played a significant role in their physical evolution, allowing them to adapt to new environments despite physical limitations.
A new study has coined the term 'scrumping' to describe great apes' fondness for eating ripe, fermented fruit from the forest floor. The researchers suggest that this behavior may have played a significant role in the evolution of human alcohol tolerance.
The cichlid fish Perissodus microlepis has an unusual head shape due to bilateral symmetry breakdown, and its genome analysis reveals multiple genes contribute to this asymmetry. Behavioral experiences also influence the preferred direction of hunting behavior, reinforcing both genetic and morphological asymmetries.
A new study sequenced the genomes of glasswing butterflies, revealing six previously unrecognized species and shedding light on their rapid diversification. The research also showed that these butterflies use chemical communication to recognize each other, despite their similar appearances.
A study by Harvard biologists found that two deer mouse species, one living in densely-vegetated areas and the other in open areas, have evolved distinct brain circuitry responses to aerial predators. The research revealed that the difference in escape behaviors is not just visual or peripheral, but central processing in the brain.
The discovery of exceptionally preserved early animals in the Grand Canyon sheds new light on the evolution of life during the Cambrian period. The fossils, dating back 507-502 million years, reveal complex feeding styles and unique adaptations, including hair-like extensions on crustacean bodies.
The discovery of Palaeocampa anthrax, an armored freshwater lobopodian, reveals new insights into early animal evolution and the diversity of ancient ecosystems. The fossil's analysis confirms its status as a nonmarine species, predating previously known marine lobopodians by nearly fifty years.
A new analysis of a 500 million-year-old fossil suggests that arachnids, including spiders and scorpions, evolved in the ocean before adapting to land. The discovery was made by studying the brain and nervous system of an ancient marine arthropod called Mollisonia symmetrica.
Researchers uncover osteoderms in nearly half of all lizard species worldwide, shedding light on heat regulation, mobility, and calcium storage. This discovery reshapes the understanding of reptile evolution, suggesting that these skin bones evolved in response to environmental pressures.
Two Neanderthal groups living in Amud and Kebara caves in northern Israel butchered the same prey using similar tools but with distinct patterns of cut-marks on animal bones. These differences could represent cultural food practices such as drying or aging meat before butchering, which were passed down through generations.
Researchers have identified a new genus of frog, Dryadobates, comprising at least 12 species, with three already declared extinct. The study utilized historical DNA analysis to clarify the taxonomic classification of previously single-species frogs, revealing hidden diversity and extinctions in the Atlantic Forest.
A microRNA discovered in male birds helps balance the activity of sex chromosomes, allowing for the survival of males despite genetic imbalance. This unique mechanism differs from mammals and highlights the diversity of evolutionary solutions to similar biological challenges.
A new study found that mammals independently evolved specialized adaptations for exclusively feeding on ants and termites at least 12 times since the Cenozoic era began. This dietary strategy, called myrmecophagy, emerged following the K-Pg extinction and set the stage for ant and termite colonies to rapidly expand worldwide.
A recent genetic study found that populations of the amphidromous goby Luciogobius ryukyuensis are genetically distinguishable, suggesting minimal larval exchange between islands. This highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect vulnerable habitats in island ecosystems.
Anemonefish evolved into diverse species due to distinct ecological lifestyles, including swimming efficiency, muscle architecture, and behavior. The study challenges long-held ideas about host specialization, positioning anemonefish as a new model system for studying ecological and evolutionary forces.
Researchers from Harvard University have discovered ancient proteins in the enamel of 18-million-year-old fossilized mammals from Kenya's Rift Valley. The study uses a new proteomics technique to reveal a diversity of proteins in different biological tissues, providing insights into the lives and evolution of these ancient animals.
Scientists have recovered a protein sequence from a fossilized tooth over 20 million years old, revealing new insights into the rhino family tree and its divergence from other species. This ancient find expands the timescale for recoverable evolutionary-informative protein sequences by ten-fold.