Articles tagged with Evolution
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Anemonefish provide food to bubble-tip anemones through active provisioning, which increases the host's growth rate. This symbiotic behavior is crucial for the anemonefish as it benefits them by making their hosts larger.
Researchers found that larger species have higher cancer rates than smaller ones, with some species even having better natural defences against cancer. The study challenged the long-standing Peto's paradox and provided insight into how superior mechanisms of cellular defence can evolve in larger species.
Selective breeding by humans led to significant changes in pig skulls, with snouts becoming shorter and flatter, in just a century. The study also found that even separate breeds of domestic pigs underwent similar changes, highlighting the power of human influence on animal evolution.
A new study debunks the long-held Protura-sister hypothesis by revealing critical errors in molecular analysis. The researchers re-examined non-nucleotide sequence data and identified misinterpretations that led to the incorrect grouping of hexapod lineages.
A nearly complete 69-million-year-old skull from the Cretaceous Period has provided new insights into the evolutionary history of modern birds. The fossil, Vegavis iaai, exhibits traits consistent with those of waterfowl and is now considered one of the earliest known members of this group.
Research reveals East Asian adults have greater risk of elevated iron stores, increasing the likelihood of heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, and liver disease. Genetic influences suggest a need for tailored dietary guidelines to prevent iron-related toxicity.
Scientists discover that auricular muscles, which helped ancestors move ears for better hearing, react during effortful listening. The muscles' activity levels correlate with difficulty of task, providing potential measure of listening effort.
Researchers have discovered that chameleon shrimp can disguise themselves in exotic algae from other oceans, regardless of their evolutionary history. The crustaceans prefer to hide in invasive species with complex structures that offer better protection from predators.
Researchers investigated how people decide to confront or avoid unfair behavior, revealing that avoidance is driven by both not wanting to witness inequality and a desire to avoid confrontation. Even those who tend to avoid unfairness will hand out punishment if forced to observe such behavior.
A study on young fish leaving their home found that they follow independent, innate schedules synchronized with their mother's care routine. The larvae emerge from the snail shell when they prefer brighter areas, indicating an intrinsic timing mechanism controlled by light preference.
Juvenile dolphins possess specialized receptors for detecting fatty acids in their mother's milk, which plays a crucial role in energy and brain development. This 'fat taste' system may provide an evolutionary advantage in selecting high-quality milk from mothers.
A new fossil discovery has uncovered the origins of the ventral nerve cord in early moulting animals, revealing that a single ventral nerve cord was likely the ancestral condition for scalidophorans. This finding suggests that paired nerve cords evolved independently in arthropods and other ecdysozoans.
Researchers have reconstructed the evolutionary origin of the complex configuration of multiple sex chromosomes in echidnas using their nearly gapless genome sequence. The high-quality data helped trace genetic events that led to this remarkable chromosomal arrangement, including chromosome fusion and fission events.
The Virginia Tech analysis extends the chart of life by nearly 1.5 billion years, mapping the rise and fall of ancient life from the Proterozoic Eon. The study reveals that global ice ages accelerated the pace of evolution in species counts.
A fossil therapsid was found in Mallorca with a skull hole for the jaw muscle and structures that evolved into mammals' middle ear bones. The discovery changes scientists' understanding of when therapsids evolved and tells us about where we come from.
Researchers re-examined the taxonomy of a jumping bristletail species found in Japan, uncovering its evolutionary characteristics and shedding light on the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life. The study's findings provide significant insights into early insect evolution and mating behaviors.
Researchers discover 555-million-year-old worm-like organism, Uncus dzaugisi, in Precambrian rocks of Nilpena Ediacara National Park. This tiny fossil represents the oldest confirmed member of Ecdysozoa and offers direct evidence of early ecdysozan life forms from the Precambrian.
A new method reveals a complete timetree of primates, including over 450 species, after aggregating untimed and timed phylogenies. This comprehensive tree represents the most complete description of primate evolution to date, enabling further research in fields like biogeography and conservation.
A groundbreaking study reveals how anglerfish evolved extraordinary traits, including bioluminescent lures and large oral gapes, to exploit scarce resources in the bathypelagic zone. Despite environmental challenges, anglerfish achieved high levels of phenotypic disparity, suggesting a capacity for adaptive radiation.
Lightman's book delves into the emotional and intellectual connections we make with natural wonders, using examples like aurora borealis and fall foliage. He grounds his grasp of nature in scientific explanation while still finding awe and wonder.
Researchers have discovered that seemingly 'broken' genes in coronaviruses are retained due to their functional role beyond protein production. These extra genes help control the activity of other viral genes.
A long-term study has shown that reintroducing resistant mountain yellow-legged frogs to sites infested with the deadly amphibian chytrid fungus allows for landscape-scale recovery. The frogs have developed resistance to the fungus, enabling them to persist in its presence and thrive in their ecosystems.
A new study offers insight into how some colony-forming animals, like ants or bees, may have evolved their own system for divvying up work millions of years ago. Bryozoans, small aquatic animals, discovered to have evolved unique abilities after losing feeding ability, survived by sharing resources with other members of the colony.
Scientists have identified a 22-million-year-old dolphin species, Romaleodelphis pollerspoecki, that was able to hear high-frequency sounds. The fossil, found in Austria, reveals an elongated snout and uniform teeth, differing significantly from known prehistoric dolphin lineages.
A team of researchers has unveiled a spectacular new fossil arthropod named Lomankus edgecombei, preserved entirely in fool's gold. The specimen belongs to a group called megacheirans, which were thought to be extinct during the Ordovician Period.
A new study found that older macaques with smaller social networks suffer less from infectious disease. The research suggests a powerful reason for reduced social connections in aging animals, including humans.
A Simon Fraser University study ranks Canadian terrestrial vertebrates by their level of evolutionary distinctness, finding that amphibians and reptiles are the most distinct species. The spiny softshell turtle is the most evolutionarily distinct terrestrial animal in Canada.
Researchers discovered that sea urchin larvae open their pylorus and anus entrances in response to different wavelengths of light, allowing for efficient digestion and nutrient absorption. This light-regulated control of the digestive tract may have evolved to help metazoans adapt to changes in their environment.
Researchers are developing energy-efficient robots inspired by ancient fish and fossils to simulate their anatomy and behavior. The team aims to test hypotheses about how early animals evolved and moved, providing insights into the transition from water to land.
In a 30-year experiment, scientists witnessed rapid evolution of marine snails in response to pollution and climate change. The snails' adaptation was driven by genetic diversity and gene flow from neighboring populations, allowing them to rapidly adapt to their new environment.
The red milkweed beetle's genome has been sequenced, providing insights into how it safely feeds on toxic plants. The study found an apparent expansion of genes related to toxin sequestration and metabolic enzymes.
A recent study using AI has discovered over 160,000 new RNA virus species, shedding light on the diversity of life on Earth. The machine learning tool, LucaProt, was able to organize and categorize genetic sequence data, revealing a previously unknown branch of life.
A recent study published in iScience found that the length of time cells spend engaged in the repair process is also key to regulating regeneration in African killifish. The researchers discovered that skin cells launch a genetic program that primes the whole animal to prepare for a repair response, guiding repair cells to get to work.
Scientists discovered ancient stromatoporoids survived the Late Devonian extinction and continued to thrive as major reef-builders during the Carboniferous Period. The findings shed light on the resilience and adaptability of marine ecosystems.
A new study reveals that the Amazon's remarkable variety of plants and animals was shaped by woodlands and savannas connecting forest islands during the last Ice Age. The researchers used advanced climate and vegetation modelling techniques to provide a new understanding of the region's evolution.
Scientists have discovered a new species of sauropod dinosaur, Qunkasaura pintiquiniestra, from the Cretaceous period in Spain. The fossil record reveals that Europe was home to both endemic and immigrant sauropods, challenging previous assumptions about regional isolation.
Researchers found that cetaceans' backbones are highly regionalized, with a shift in vertebral column driving locomotion in aquatic environments. The team developed a computational software, MorphoRegions, to analyze the backbone of each specimen individually.
Researchers found that moth species with overlapping ranges in the southeastern US have distinct clock genes, including the 'disco' gene. The study reveals how vision evolves when a species switches its pattern of activity, and provides insights into the mechanisms behind species speciation.
A new study investigates genetic diversity and population structure of common walnut (Juglans regia) in Central Asia. The research reveals moderate genetic diversity across the region, with a core genetic diversity region in the western Himalaya.
A team of sedimentologists and stratigraphers found that gap regularity, not incompleteness, determines evolutionary history reconstruction. Incompleteness can be overcome with geological knowledge, enabling accurate reconstruction of evolution hundreds of millions of years ago.
Researchers at Harvard University used confocal laser microscopy to examine ancient fossils of tardigrades, revealing a new species and confirming the existence of four previously unknown specimens. The study sheds light on the evolutionary history of tardigrades, including their ability to survive extreme conditions.
A deadly marine cone snail's venom contains a toxin that interacts with human cells in a specific manner, regulating blood sugar levels and hormone balance. This discovery may lead to the design of more effective drugs for treating diabetes and endocrine disorders.
A new research from Australian National University and CSIRO reveals darkling beetles' ability to adapt to diverse environments through multiple evolutionary events. The study found that these beetles underwent rapid evolutionary jumps, allowing them to thrive in various ecosystems.
Researchers discovered that a 30-million-year-old feline ancestor had both brown and gray-eyed individuals, paving the way for modern felid iris color diversity. The study found a correlation between yellow eyes and round pupils, as well as an ancestral population with brown eyes only before gaining gray-eyed individuals.
Researchers at TUM discovered a mechanism that enables double-stranded RNA molecules to form and remain stable in the primordial soup. This discovery has significant implications for understanding the origin of life and could lead to breakthroughs in medicine, particularly in vaccine development.
A 500-million-year-old fossil reveals the earliest known ancestors of modern molluscs were flat, armoured slugs covered in chitinous spines. These findings provide a unique window into early mollusc evolution and challenge current understanding of their origins.
The study found that subtle shifts in the shape of viral spike proteins changed targetable host receptors, leading to the virus's decline as a human pathogen. Researchers also discovered that some strains could stick their spike proteins to multiple receptors, challenging previous assumptions about viral behavior.
Researchers at Boston College found male dragonfish have evolved larger eyes to detect females who produce less light, closing a bioluminescent detection gap. This is the second known case of sexually dimorphic eye-size in fishes and highlights the unique adaptations of deep-sea species.
Frogs have been found to rapidly develop tolerance to pesticides through sublethal exposures, allowing them to survive in ecosystems where pesticides are commonly used. This rapid adaptation helps protect populations over generations.
Scientists at the University of Malaga have uncovered a natural quicksand trap in the 'elephant graveyard' of Orce, dated to over 1.4 million years ago. The discovery provides insights into human presence in Western Europe and competition with large carrion hyenas for meat resources.
Researchers found a correlation between protein folding and evolution in certain globular protein families, with most conserved exons corresponding to better foldons. However, the general trend did not hold for all protein families, suggesting other biological factors may influence protein folding and evolution.
Fine roots' lifespan varies across tree species, with evolutionary history playing a key role in shaping global patterns. Phylogeny, root traits, and environmental factors regulate fine root lifespan, with gymnosperms having longer lifespans than angiosperms.
A genomic analysis overturned the leading hypothesis on firefly light origin, revealing that lucibufagins, a toxic compound, evolved after bioluminescence development. Fireflies' ancestors diversified during a period of rising atmospheric oxygen levels, suggesting a similar path to glowing millipedes.
A study by Osaka Metropolitan University reveals that fish use physical punishment to promote helping behavior in their offspring, demonstrating advanced social and cognitive abilities. The research highlights the presence of punishment in animal societies, bridging a gap in understanding cooperative behavior and its mechanisms.
Research from Stockholm University reveals that marsupials possess a not fully evolved form of brown fat, a crucial finding for understanding the origin and regulation of this heat-producing organ. The study suggests that the gene networks required to enable thermogenesis existed before the divergence of marsupials and placental mammals.
A Penn State-led study found that female giraffes have proportionally longer necks than males, suggesting high nutritional needs drove the evolution of this trait. Giraffes adapt to reach leaves in trees by using their long necks, allowing females to access food with increasing demands as they mature.
Researchers used pyrite to study the relationship between sediment mixing and oxygen levels in ancient oceans. They found that small amounts of sediment mixing can expose buried minerals to enough oxygen to start oxygen buildup. This challenges conventional wisdom about the role of oxygen in oxygen accumulation.
A new model predicts a decrease in species diversity by 39% due to climate change, compared to traditional models' forecast of 54% loss. The study reveals that some species may better tolerate climate change than expected, with 49% of species living in climate niches that could expand under warming conditions.
The study reveals remarkable variation between primate Y chromosomes, showing rapid evolution and previously unstudied regions. The researchers found that over 90% of ape X chromosome sequences aligned to the human X chromosome, while only 14-27% of ape Y chromosome sequences aligned to the human Y chromosome.
A new Research Training Group will investigate the evolution of nuclear genomes in organisms using different forms of reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction. The group aims to better understand the dominance of sexual reproduction in nature through empirical analysis of changing and evolving genomes.