Articles tagged with Acids
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers at Toyohashi University of Technology developed a method to synthesize a novel polyester with an alternating arrangement of L- and D-lactic acids, leading to improved productivity and crystallization rate. This achievement is expected to facilitate the development of polyesters with unprecedented characteristics.
Researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology have developed a chemical trap that exhaustively catches trace glycoproteins, including those produced by cancer. This new method has proven effective in lab tests and could lead to early disease detection and targeted cancer treatments.
A recent study reveals that valproic acid can cause lower levels of transporters for essential compounds in the placenta, leading to impaired fetal growth and development. The research suggests a possible link between valproic acid exposure and adverse outcomes such as major congenital malformations and autism.
The study confirms that long-term OCA treatment leads to reversal or stabilization of fibrosis/cirrhosis in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) who have had an incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The majority of patients improved or maintained their histological stage, while two patients deteriorated.
A team of researchers from James Cook University and Cardiff University have created a fully synthetic flu vaccine that protects mice from swine flu and works on human cells in the laboratory. The vaccine is hyper-stable, meaning it can survive stomach acid and human blood, making it suitable for oral administration.
Researchers have identified a pheromone from the Asian citrus psyllid that transmits citrus greening disease. The discovery enables the synthesis of the substance and use in traps to lure and kill the insect, reducing HLB incidence.
Researchers at The University of Tokyo's Institute of Industrial Science have developed a new probe to track vitamin C levels in the body using fluorescence. This breakthrough allows for precise monitoring of ascorbic acid concentrations, which has potential applications in cancer treatment.
Researchers at Scripps Research Institute develop theory that chemical reactions supporting life today could have occurred with ingredients likely present on early Earth. The citric acid cycle's precursor, glyoxylate, is identified as a key molecule in these reactions.
Researchers at Osaka University developed an acid-tolerant green fluorescent protein, Gamillus, that can withstand low pH environments. The protein exhibits superior acid tolerance and nearly twice the brightness of reported GFPs, making it a powerful tool for imaging in acidic organelles.
Researchers at Osaka University have created a radical reaction that converts methane into methanol and formic acid using a clean, low-temperature process. The process achieves this goal without the need for high temperatures or pressures, converting over 99% of methane into the target products.
Researchers use bacteria to convert leftover sugars and acids from Greek yogurt into molecules that can be used in biofuels or safe feedstock additives. The process produces valuable chemicals, including green antimicrobials and potential drop-in biofuels for jet fuel.
Recent studies have identified off-road diesel vehicles in oil sands production as a major contributor to regional levels of isocyanic acid pollution. Laboratory experiments show that these vehicles release up to 6 kilograms of the compound per hour, with secondary emissions potentially being up to four fold larger.
Biologists found a new substance, isocitric acid, with anti-oxidant properties that increased the survival rate of infusoria by 25-31 times compared to untreated cells. The compound also surpassed the effects of ascorbic acid, offering a promising solution for protecting living organisms from various toxic compounds.
A new study from the University of Eastern Finland supports earlier findings that omega-6 fatty acids do not increase inflammatory responses. The research found that a high serum linoleic acid level is associated with lower CRP levels, suggesting that linoleic acid may actually alleviate inflammation.
Researchers have demonstrated two new routes to lignin conversion, combining the speed of chemical methods with the precision of biological ones. The process yields high-value chemicals like muconic acid and pyrogallol, valued at $255.7 billion, and has the potential to subsidize biofuel production.
Researchers at Penn State University have found that an iron-sulfur cluster carrier called NfuA replaces the destroyed iron-sulfur cluster in LipA, allowing it to continue producing lipoic acid. This discovery could help understand why humans with defects in the iron-sulfur carrier gene have deficiencies of lipoic acid.
Researchers investigate alternatives to address ruminal acidosis, a serious disease affecting intensive farming systems. Feed additives, such as ionophores, can control lactic acid production, reducing the risk of acidosis and improving animal productivity.
Researchers discovered N-glycolyl groups in ancient fossils, suggesting a link between glycans and the evolutionary history of Homo genus in Africa. The study also found degradation of sialic acid led to selective incorporation into chondroitin sulfate in human tissues.
A 'pH minimum zone' of acidic water has been discovered at depths of 10-15 meters in the Chesapeake Bay. This increase in acidity is attributed to toxic hydrogen sulfide and ammonia produced when bottom waters mix upward, threatening shellfish like oysters and clams.
Bystanders can make a difference in acid attacks by removing contaminated clothing and washing off acid with water. Public education and clear guidance for health professionals are also crucial to limit long-term physical and emotional effects.
The research team developed a novel reaction to synthesize organohalides, a crucial class of compounds for pharmaceuticals, with up to 98% enantiomeric purity. This breakthrough addresses the challenge of producing chiral molecules in isomerically pure form, paving the way for new medicines.
Researchers at LSTM have created synthetic alternatives to IVIg therapy for conditions like CIDP and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The new treatments, enriched with sialic acids, can be produced at a fraction of the cost and may offer relief to millions of people globally.
Researchers at Nagoya University have developed a new approach to metal catalysis that selectively converts biomass into high-value chemical products under mild conditions. The method uses high-valent transition metals, which offers better control over reactivity and reduces side reactions.
Plant biologists at Utrecht University have discovered how the plant metabolises jasmonic acid, issuing the signal 'safe'. The discovery of four related enzymes that break down jasmonic acid reveals a crucial mechanism for controlling its levels.
Trans-fatty acids directly activate ASK1 kinase by enhancing extracellular ATP, promoting cell death in a more direct manner than previously thought. The study identifies several trans-fatty acid types that stimulate cell death, but not their corresponding cis-fatty acids, which have health benefits.
A team from the Technical University of Munich has developed a pH sensor that renders pH values visible through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - in a non-invasive, radiation-free manner. This method could provide insights into tumor metabolism and help evaluate the efficacy of tumor treatments.
Phenolic compounds exhibit antioxidant activity through two distinct mechanisms: breaking free radical chains and chelating abilities. The ANN model identified chemical features contributing to high DPPH* scavenging activity, including alcohol groups, molecular size, and flexibility.
Researchers at TSRI have developed a decarboxylative alkenylation method that turns carboxylic acids into olefins in relatively few steps, enabling the discovery and development of new drugs and chemical products. This approach simplifies traditional methods, allowing for better control over molecule geometry and synthesis logic.
Researchers at TSRI have developed a broad and strikingly easy method for synthesizing boronic acid-based drugs, which could treat COPD and cystic fibrosis. The new method uses inexpensive carboxylic acids to create similar structures, offering potential for superior properties.
Research suggests that low urine ammonium excretion may identify individuals with chronic kidney disease at high risk of progression or death. Low ammonium levels also predict increased risk of developing acidosis and a higher mortality rate.
Researchers designed a novel genetic switch that shuts down competing metabolic pathways in bacteria, allowing for increased production of glucaric acid and other chemicals. The switch uses quorum sensing to autonomously control the cells' growth, enabling efficient production without adding new chemicals or changing process conditions.
American Chemical Society reports on innovative methods for handling yogurt acid whey, including extracting valuable ingredients and producing methane for electricity. Companies are also developing products that incorporate acid whey back into dairy products.
A new computational design strategy identifies promising cathode coatings to protect lithium-ion batteries from degradation, extending device lifespan. Northwestern University researchers developed the approach using a massive materials database, ranking top candidates and accelerating experimental testing.
Researchers discovered a bacterial protein that uses a Pac Man-like chewing motion to grab and hold onto sugar molecules, allowing pathogens to evade the immune system. This understanding could lead to the development of new therapeutics targeting this protein.
Scientists create arrays of nanocontainers with tailored interaction strengths by mimicking electron valency in atoms. The approach enables plasmonic sensors and electrocatalysts, showcasing a new aspect of atom mimicry for nanotechnology applications.
Researchers found carbonic acid, orthocarbonic acid, and clathrate compounds stable under high pressure conditions. The cores of Uranus and Neptune may consist of these exotic materials.
Two studies find high levels of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) in the blood of African crocodiles and American alligators, suggesting exposure to long-lived industrial chemicals. PFAA levels were higher at sites with past use of firefighting foams, indicating potential environmental contamination.
Research by Salk Institute scientists reveals phaseic acid's unexpected role as a plant hormone crucial for drought resistance and survival traits. The study suggests that phaseic acid may inform the development of new, hardier crops to weather climate change-induced natural disasters.
A new study has revealed that lichens form a complex symbiotic relationship involving three species, including yeast and fungi, which produces the toxic substance vulpinic acid. The research found that the yeast cells are vital to the lichen's health and may play a crucial role in its shape.
KAIST researchers deciphered the genome and proteome profiles of C. tyrobutyricum, revealing its unique metabolic features and energy conservation mechanisms. The bacterium shows higher tolerance to toxic compounds like 1-butanol, enabling efficient production of chemicals including butyric acid.
A research team at ETH Zurich has developed a new manufacturing method for succinic acid, a major basic chemical product, using bacteria that convert cellulose from wood waste into glucose. The process is more cost-effective and eco-friendly than traditional oil-based methods.
Researchers have designed a molecular catalyst that produces only hydrogen and carbon dioxide when formic acid is decomposed at a low temperature. This breakthrough could pave the way for hydrogen-powered cars by overcoming one of the major challenges: efficient production of clean energy.
Researchers found that organic compounds from trees in pre-industrial times formed aerosols that counteracted greenhouse gas effects. The CLOUD experiment discovered a process where these low-volatility substances efficiently form new particles under atmospheric conditions, even without sulphuric acid.
Researchers at a high-altitude research station in Switzerland used state-of-the-art instruments to study new particle formation and its role as cloud condensation nuclei. They found that highly oxygenated organic compounds contribute to nucleation for a short window after vertical transport from the planetary boundary layer.
Researchers create efficient way to form carbon-carbon bonds with high chiral selectivity for nitrogen-containing heterocyclic molecules. The breakthrough uses century-old techniques and a copper catalyst, offering a more efficient process for drug discovery and development.
Scientists at Scripps Research Institute have devised a new molecule-building method that allows chemists to construct complex molecules starting from carboxylic acids. The method enables the easy synthesis of biologically active compounds, including drugs like Lipitor and Lyrica.
Researchers found that tap water and table salt can effectively clean milking systems, removing over 90% of residue with just a warm water rinse. The use of electrolyzed oxidizing water reduces cleaning time by up to 55% and costs by 30-40%.
A team of Korean scientists has developed a new framework for understanding acid-base reactions in organic chemistry. The study revealed that hydrogen-bonded clustering plays a critical role in enhancing the reactivity of alcohols and promoting the formation of an effective Brønsted base.
Scientists are developing a synthetic route to produce humulones and lupulones, two key compounds with anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, from commercially available phloroglucinol. The researchers aim to create medicines without extracting them from plants, improving human health.
Researchers found that maslinic acid induces extrinsic cellular death pathway in Caco-2 cells without protein p53, leading to early apoptosis. The study suggests natural antitumoral agents with dual apoptotic pathways could be effective in treating colon cancer.
Researchers at McGill University discover that cyanuric acid can coax DNA into forming a triple helix, unlike the familiar double helix. This breakthrough could lead to the creation of new DNA structures with unique properties.
A human pilot trial investigated the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of mango galloyl derivatives. Seven metabolites were identified in healthy volunteers, with two microbial metabolites significantly more excreted after 10 days of mango consumption.
Researchers have developed a class of compounds that inhibit acid ceramidase, an enzyme that accelerates tumor growth in melanoma. These compounds enhance the effect of anti-tumor drugs by making melanoma cells more prone to apoptosis.
Researchers identified salicylic acid as a powerful inhibitor of HMGB1, a protein linked to various diseases. The findings may lead to the development of more effective aspirin-like drugs.
Researchers at the University of Iowa have identified a protein that causes age-related muscle weakness and loss. They also discovered two natural compounds, found in apples and green tomatoes, which reduce this protein's activity and can restore muscle mass and strength.
Researchers have found that two bile acids, ursodeoxycholic acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid, can slow the progression of prion disease when given early in the disease process. These compounds bind to proteins causing disease and prevent them from spreading.
Engineers at UC San Diego developed a mouth guard that monitors health markers in saliva, transmitting data wirelessly to smartphones. The technology could be used to continuously monitor patients without invasive procedures or athletes' performance.
A new study found that 42% of women treated with uric acid therapy had little to no disability after 90 days compared to 29% of those treated with a placebo. Uric acid also helped reduce dead tissue resulting from lack of blood supply.
Researchers at ITbM have developed a novel, relatively inexpensive synthetic strategy using nickel catalyst to form useful compounds. Esters have been identified as a clean coupling partner for the carbon-carbon bond forming cross-coupling reaction.
Researchers with Berkeley Lab have characterized the hydration structure of carbon dioxide gas dissolved in water, revealing its role in forming carbonic acid and bicarbonate. The study uses X-ray absorption spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to provide a detailed understanding of this critical chemistry.