Articles tagged with Chemical Reactions
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Scientists support abiotic synthesis of methane, a main ingredient in natural gas, through chemical reactions. The study suggests that extreme conditions deep below Earth's surface can lead to hydrocarbon formation.
UCLA researchers developed a microchip technology that performs over 1,000 chemical reactions simultaneously, accelerating the identification of potential drug candidates for treating diseases like cancer. The technology uses in situ click chemistry and mass spectrometry to analyze results, reducing reagent consumption and lab time.
Researchers observed chemical changes in Desulfovibrio vulgaris cells as they endured air exposure, enabling some to survive through orchestrated metabolic events. This study provides a new window into bacterial adaptation and processes.
Researchers at Kansas State University are using an atomic force microscope to study proteins and molecules, which could lead to better diagnostic tools for diseases like cancer. By stretching and measuring tiny displacements in protein molecules, scientists hope to gain a deeper understanding of the causes of diseases.
Researchers found that superoxide plays a key role in bird migration by influencing the protein cryptochrome in their eyes. The molecule allows birds to 'see' Earth's magnetic field, enabling them to navigate. However, humans lack this ability due to evolutionary trade-offs between longevity and orientational ability
Researchers found that molecular bonds don't always break faster when pulled, contradicting the intuitive notion of rubber bands. The sulfur-sulfur bond's fragmentation rate depends on nearby atom movement and protein structure changes.
Researchers have fabricated microscopic polymer beads that change color instantly in response to external magnetic fields. The beads exhibit excellent structural stability and are compatible with various dispersion media, allowing for tunable colors in different chemical environments.
University of Illinois researchers create force-sensitive polymers that respond to mechanical stress by changing color, allowing for self-sensing and self-reinforcing properties. The polymers use mechanophores to trigger chemical reactions, enabling a range of applications in materials science and engineering.
Researchers have constructed a systems biology map of iron metabolism, a crucial process in animal cell survival. The study aims to improve our understanding of iron regulation and its potential manipulation for therapeutic benefits.
Udayan Mohanty, a physical chemist at Boston College, received a 2009 Guggenheim Fellowship to study rare chemical reactions using new computational models. He aims to discover unknown reaction pathways, particularly those surrounding DNA and RNA behavior.
New research suggests climate change will impact ozone recovery rates due to changes in atmospheric circulation. Greenhouse gases alter the Brewer-Dobson circulation pattern, influencing ozone distribution and leading to uneven ozone layer recovery.
A new simulation reveals a future where nearly two-thirds of the Earth's ozone is depleted, leading to extreme UV radiation and severe skin cancer rates. The study used a comprehensive model to simulate the consequences of banning ozone-depleting substances, confirming the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol.
Ahmed Zewail is honored with the 2009 Othmer Gold Medal for his groundbreaking work in femtochemistry, enabling scientists to study reactions in real time. He is also a tireless advocate for science education, working globally to promote its value and accessibility.
Researchers developed a novel x-ray technique to observe molecular motion in real time, allowing better understanding of structural evolution during chemical reactions. This discovery has promising prospects for applications in magnetic data storage, solar energy, and biology.
Researchers have discovered that climate change affects the ocean's chemical makeup, altering calcium levels and potentially impacting marine life. The study found that the ocean's chemistry can change rapidly in response to climate changes, highlighting the need for further research on the impacts of ocean acidification.
Researchers found that single-celled organisms spontaneously silence large numbers of metabolic reactions to optimize growth, with around 300 active reactions for all four organisms under optimal conditions. This finding provides new insights into the interplay between metabolic network activity and biological function.
Researchers at Kansas State University have developed a method to control the motion of electrons in a hydrogen molecule using ultrafast laser pulses. This breakthrough could lead to the creation of custom-made chemical compounds and a deeper understanding of basic physics processes.
Scientists will explore chemical reactions in extreme space conditions using a new research center combining laboratory experiments, theoretical studies, and radio-telescope observations. The Center for Chemistry of the Universe aims to expand our understanding of molecule formation that may seed young planets with life.
Stuart A. Lipton will lead a center studying potential environmental causes of Parkinson's disease, examining chemical reactions that alter protein function and screening compounds to prevent disease progression. The center represents a collaborative effort between scientists at Burnham and other institutions.
Researchers have identified a unique molecule essential to breaking down pollutants in the atmosphere, including acid rain. This breakthrough discovery will help scientists model pollutant reactions and predict potential outcomes.
Researchers found that under certain conditions, a molecule can jump forward instead of backward when collided with another atom. This 'tug-of-war' behavior is crucial for understanding chemical reactions and their mechanics.
Scientists at Stanford University discovered that a hydrogen atom can transfer energy to a deuterium molecule through a glancing blow, changing the conventional wisdom on energy transfer. This finding has significant implications for understanding chemical reactions and interactions between molecules.
Researchers at UCR propose a novel pathway for how anti-aging compounds like EthylBloc and SmartFresh block ethylene's action on plants. This knowledge could guide the design of new ethylene-blocking chemicals, benefiting producers and consumers.
A research team from Arizona State University and the University of Oxford has synthesized a molecule that is sensitive to both the magnitude and direction of magnetic fields as weak as the Earth's. This discovery provides evidence for chemical magnetoreception, a mechanism that birds may use to navigate.
Researchers designed an enzyme for a specific reaction using computational design, but the synthetic enzyme was less efficient than naturally occurring ones. However, by allowing the enzyme to undergo 'evolution in a test tube,' they were able to improve its efficiency 200-fold and increase reaction rates by a million-fold.
A chemical reaction in the atmosphere above major cities is a significant contributor to urban ozone and smog, according to UC San Diego chemists. This new mechanism involves reactions between water vapor and NO2, producing OH radicals that attack hydrocarbons and form nitrogen dioxide.
Research by University of Chicago mathematician Jack Cowan reveals that brain activity patterns follow natural rhythms, similar to phase transitions in physics. This study uses mathematical tools to understand brain-generated rhythms, including delta waves during sleep and gamma waves related to information processing.
UCLA chemists have developed a new class of materials called zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) that can selectively capture carbon dioxide, storing it like a reservoir. ZIFs outperform current porous carbon materials, capturing five times more carbon dioxide and requiring less energy.
Scientists at Argonne National Laboratory have developed an environmentally friendly technology to produce ethylene from ethane streams by removing pure hydrogen, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The new membrane reactor enables the reaction to feed itself, making it a clean and energy-efficient way of producing ethylene.
Researchers developed a temperature-independent pH buffer to maintain sample stability during freezing and thawing. The new buffer showed minimal pH changes, even after repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Hydrogen peroxide plays a crucial role in cell health, but excessive levels can damage DNA and proteins. Researchers have identified a key protein, Prx, that helps control hydrogen peroxide levels by acting as a sensor, warning the cell to respond when levels become too high.
Researchers at the Salk Institute have solved part of the molecular puzzle behind basil's characteristic warm and sweet aroma, providing a three-dimensional snapshot of the enzyme Eugenol Synthase. The study reveals how this enzyme produces eugenol, a fragrant molecule responsible for basil's spicy overtones.
A recent study published in Cell describes a chemical chain reaction, known as the Hippo pathway, that controls organ growth and may contribute to cancer. The researchers found that this pathway is altered in 20-30% of human cancer cells, suggesting a potential new target for cancer therapy.
A study found that women experienced worsening mood and increased caution when serotonin levels were reduced, while men became more impulsive. The researchers discovered a genetic link influencing the response in women, highlighting sex differences in serotonin utilization.
Scientists at Georgia Tech have developed a new technique for nanolithography that is extremely fast and capable of being used in various environments. The thermochemical nanolithography technique uses an atomic force microscope to heat a silicon tip, inducing a chemical reaction that transforms the film's surface.
Researchers at Georgia Tech have developed a way to control the dimensions of metal oxide nanotubes with sub-nanometer precision and lengths with precision of a few nanometers. The breakthrough could lead to new applications for inorganic nanotubes and other nanostructures.
The NIST/NCSU team observed the spontaneous assembly of organosilane molecules into a monolayer film, finding wavelike ordering with an expanded interface. The findings support recent theoretical modeling and have implications for understanding self-propagating chemical reactions and ordering phenomena.
A new study by Stanford University atmospheric scientist Mark Z. Jacobson found that ethanol-fueled vehicles increase ozone-related mortalities in the US by about 200 deaths per year compared to gasoline. Nationwide, E85 is likely to increase asthma-related emergency room visits and respiratory-related hospitalizations.
Researchers created ultra-small microreactor chips that increase chemical reaction rates by up to 1.7 times, reducing safety risks and increasing efficiency. The miniaturized Total Analysis System (µTAS) is now a feasible future technology.
Researchers at Virginia Tech have created soy-based macromolecules with comparable reactivity to isocyanates, a toxic intermediate used in many polymer products. The soy-based polymers demonstrate improved mechanical properties and are considered a safer alternative.
Researchers found that both chemical and mechanical stimuli trigger the same messenger molecule, cAMP, in olfactory nerve cells. This suggests that mechanosensitivity exists in all mammals, including humans, without a septal organ, enhancing our ability to smell and synchronizing breathing with inhaling.
A new study by UC Berkeley scientists finds that male sweat contains a chemical called androstadienone, which increases cortisol levels and affects women's hormonal balance. The study suggests that inhaling this chemical could be used to raise cortisol levels in patients with diseases like Addison's disease.
Researchers at Ohio State University have discovered that the most common chemical reaction causing sunburn is triggered by a very short-lived excited state of DNA, contradicting previous beliefs. This finding has significant implications for understanding how UV damage leads to skin cancer and other diseases.
Researchers discovered that present-day organisms use trace metals derived from ancient changes in ocean chemistry. Protein structures revealed a major influence of geochemistry on life, leading to diversification and complexity. The study links biology and geology, shedding light on co-evolutionary processes.
The median salary for chemists has increased to $86,900, with bachelor's degrees earning $67,200 and Ph.D.'s earning $96,000. The chemistry workforce is becoming more diverse, with female graduates receiving a higher percentage of B.S. chemistry degrees.
Researchers have discovered a key molecular mechanism allowing tiny flies to whirl their wings at high speeds, revealing new insights into heart disease and the evolution of flight. The findings provide a better understanding of how chemical energy is converted into muscle movements, including human heart muscle pumping blood.
Microbes adapted to living with oxygen around 2.7 billion years ago, as indicated by changes in fossil isotopes of carbon in rocks from the late Archean period in Western Australia. This finding supports the idea that oxygen-producing photosynthesis evolved and enriched the atmosphere over time.
Researchers at NRC Canada use laser pulses to control chemical reactions by tilting molecular landscapes. This method has implications for quantum information and optical microscopy of live cells.
Ohio State University researchers used mathematical simulations to study chemical reactions in cells, finding that many graphs indicate quirky behavior. This 'quirkiness' may be essential for biology and could help explain why cells sometimes react unexpectedly to medicines.
A Johns Hopkins University researcher found that corals can switch from using aragonite to calcite minerals in building their skeletons based on the magnesium-to-calcium ratio of seawater. This change poses questions about coral reefs' future survival amid global warming and ocean acidification.
Researchers from the UK Met Office and the University of Leeds have developed computer models to predict rotor winds, which can be devastating for aircraft. The T-REX project uses these models to check accuracy and improve predictions, ultimately enhancing safety at mountainous airports.
A Virginia Tech student is selected to meet with Nobel laureates to discuss his research on bioremediation using bacteria-mineral interaction. The study aims to understand the fundamental reactions that dictate how bacteria interact with minerals, potentially leading to a safe and cost-effective means of environmental remediation.
Brown University professors and USC colleagues find a molecule spinning at 270 trillion rotations per minute, annihilating friction. The phenomenon challenges old laws of physics, suggesting molecules can move energy without slowing down.
Researchers spin a molecular stick, creating a shock wave that destroys friction in the surrounding liquid, allowing it to rotate freely. The discovery challenges traditional models of liquid behavior and has significant implications for understanding chemical reactions.
Oxygen is essential for the development of complex biochemical networks that enable organisms to convert food into energy. The study found that even simple networks had anoxic pathways common to all life, but oxygen was necessary for higher life forms to evolve.
Researchers used atomic force microscopes to 'yank' chemical bonds, accelerating reaction speeds while maintaining the order of bond formation and breaking. This discovery may aid in developing self-healing polymers and lead to a better understanding of fundamental energy exchange in chemical reactions.
Researchers at Rutgers University have developed tiny chemical cages that can enclose drug and pesticide molecules, enabling safe delivery and improving chemical production. The one-step process creates tight bonds, surpassing earlier approaches in simplicity and efficiency.
Researchers at NIST discovered that acetaminophen, a widely used pain reliever, transforms into 11 new toxic compounds when exposed to chlorine disinfection in wastewater. The study highlights the need for environmental scientists to consider downstream reaction products when assessing pharmaceutical impacts on the environment.
Researchers at Penn State discovered that polyphenols in oats inhibit the Maillard reaction, reducing off-flavors and stale odors. The findings suggest that controlling polyphenol levels could prevent undesirable reactions, including those linked to human diseases.
The development of micro-reactors poses a challenge to the Chemical Weapons Convention's monitoring and verification capabilities. These small reactors can produce lethal chemicals with minimal signature, making it harder to detect malicious intent.